Description: Engendering trade

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Engendering trade

The authors analyze the interaction between a country's world market integration and its attitude towards gender roles. They discuss both theoretically and empirically how female empowerment is a source of comparative advantage that shapes a c...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Do, Quy-Toan, Levchenko, Andrei A., Raddatz, Claudio
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ACCOUNTING AGGREGATE INCOME AGGREGATE SUPPLY AGRICULTURE ALLOCATION BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BILATERAL TRADE BIRTHS BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL INVESTMENT COLLEGE EDUCATION COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION LEVELS CROSS-SECTORAL VARIATION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN DIVISION OF LABOR DOWNWARD PRESSURE ECONOMIC FORCES ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC RESEARCH ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMICS EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES EQUILIBRIUM PRICES EQUILIBRIUM WAGES EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS EXPORTS FACTOR MARKETS FEMALE EMPLOYEES FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE INTENSITY FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION FEMALE POPULATION FEMALE WORKERS FORMAL LABOR MARKET FUNCTIONAL FORMS GDP GDP PER CAPITA GENDER GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR GENDER EQUALITY GENDER GAP GENDER IMBALANCE GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GIRLS HOUSEHOLD INCOME HUMAN CAPITAL INCOME EFFECT INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTIC INFORMAL SECTORS INTEREST RATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR COMPENSATION LABOR DEMAND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES LABOR MARKETS LABOR STATISTICS LABOR SUPPLY MACROECONOMICS MALE WORKERS MARGINAL PRODUCT MARGINAL PRODUCTS NOMINAL WAGES OCCUPATION OPPORTUNITY COST OPTIMIZATION PER CAPITA INCOME POLITICAL ECONOMY PREVIOUS SUBSECTION PRODUCTIVITY REAL GDP REAL INCOME REPUBLIC SOCIAL NORMS SPECIALIZATION STATUS OF WOMEN STD SUPPLY CURVE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL WAGE TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE-OFF UTILITY FUNCTION VALUE ADDED WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INCREASE WAGES WEALTH WORKER
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20110823155547 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/3540

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Summary:	The authors analyze the interaction between a country's world market integration and its attitude towards gender roles. They discuss both theoretically and empirically how female empowerment is a source of comparative advantage that shapes a country's response to trade opening. Reciprocally, the authors show that as countries integrate into the world economy, the costs and benefits of gender discrimination shift. Their theory goes beyond a potential aggregate wealth effect associated with trade opening, and emphasizes the heterogeneity of impacts. On the one hand, countries in which women are empowered -- measured by fertility rates, female labor force participation or female schooling -- experience an expansion of industries that use female labor relatively more intensively. On the other hand, the gender gap is smaller in countries that export more in relatively female-labor intensive sectors. In an increasingly globalized economy, the road to gender equality is paradoxically very specific to each country s productive structure and exposure to world markets.