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Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute : A New Methodology.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Stephansen, Cathrine.
Other Authors: Bjørgesæter, Anders., Brude, Odd Willy., Brönner, Ute., Rogstad, Tonje Waterloo., Kjeilen-Eilertsen, Grethe., Libre, Jean-Marie., Collin-Hansen, Christian.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science Series
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • About This Book
  • Contents
  • Abbreviations
  • 1 Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute
  • 1.1 Why the Need for a New Methodology?
  • 1.2 Methodology, Model and Software
  • 1.3 Basic Concepts of ERA Acute
  • 1.3.1 Four Compartments
  • 1.3.2 ERA Acute Uses Continuous Risk Functions
  • 1.3.3 Two Main Steps-Three Levels of Detail
  • 1.3.4 Introducing the Resource Damage Factor
  • 1.4 Inputs Needed for ERA Acute
  • 1.4.1 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling
  • 1.4.2 Valued Ecosystem Components
  • 1.4.3 Model Input Parameters
  • 1.5 From Spill Scenario to Case and from Damage to Risk
  • 1.6 What Can ERA Acute Results Be Used for?
  • 1.7 Model Sensitivity and Uncertainty Issues
  • References-Introduction
  • 2 Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 ERA Acute Usage Areas
  • 2.3 Environmental Risk Screening
  • 2.4 Damage and Risk Assessment
  • 2.5 Risk Mitigation and Net Environmental Benefit Assessments
  • References-ERM Applications
  • 3 An ERA Acute Model Overview
  • 3.1 Setting up the Case and Input to Exposure Calculations
  • 3.2 Impact and Restoration Modelling
  • 3.2.1 Step A: Impact Modelling
  • 3.2.2 Step B: Impact Duration Modelling
  • 3.2.3 The Two Steps Together and the Resource Damage Factor
  • 3.3 Surface Compartment Calculations
  • 3.3.1 Impact Modelling
  • 3.3.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling
  • 3.4 Shoreline Compartment
  • 3.4.1 Impact Modelling
  • 3.4.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling
  • 3.5 Water Column Compartment
  • 3.5.1 Impact Modelling
  • 3.5.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling
  • 3.6 Seafloor Compartment Functions
  • 3.6.1 Impact Modelling
  • 3.6.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling
  • 3.7 Summarizing Impacts in Cells to Scenarios and DSHAs
  • References-Model Outline
  • 4 Testing and Validating Against Historic Spills.
  • 4.1 Method of Validation Against Historic Spills
  • 4.1.1 Analysis Areas
  • 4.1.2 Construction of Performance Boundaries
  • 4.1.3 Reconstruction of the Oil Spills in the Analysis Areas
  • 4.1.4 Reconstruction of Resource Data in the Analysis Areas
  • 4.2 Results of the Validation
  • 4.2.1 Oil Drift
  • 4.2.2 Acute Mortality in the Surface Compartment
  • 4.2.3 Impact in the Shoreline Compartment
  • 4.3 Discussion of the Validation
  • References-Testing and Validation
  • 5 Handling Uncertainty and Sensitivity of ERA Acute Towards Input Parameters
  • 5.1 Sensitivity Testing and Uncertainty Handling
  • 5.2 Methods Used in Sensitivity Testing
  • 5.2.1 Deterministic Testing
  • 5.2.2 Stochastic Testing
  • 5.2.3 Example from Surface Compartment
  • 5.3 Uncertainty Scoring of the Parameters
  • 5.3.1 Surface Compartment
  • 5.3.2 Water Column Compartment
  • 5.3.3 Shoreline Compartment
  • 5.3.4 Seafloor Compartment
  • 5.4 Recommended Uncertainty Handling at This Point in Model Development
  • References-Sensitivity Testing
  • Supplementary Information 1
  • A.1 Surface Compartment Parameter Values
  • A.2 References for the Supplementary Information Tables
  • A.2.1 Oil Film Thickness
  • A.2.2 Individual Vulnerability Factors (pbeh and pphy)
  • A.2.3 Generic Fundamental Net Reproductive Rates (R)
  • A.2.3.1 Seabirds
  • A.2.3.2 True Seals, Sea Lions and Fur Seals, Baleen Whales
  • A.2.3.3 Walrus, Aquatic Mammals
  • A.2.3.4 Toothed Whales, Sea Cows, Sea Turtles
  • Index.

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