X-Ray Contrast Media : Overview, Use and Pharmaceutical Aspects.
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin, Heidelberg :
Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
2018.
|
| Edition: | 5th ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- CONTENT
- 1 INTRODUCTION
- Historical Aspects
- Contrast media in X-ray imaging
- Visualization of functions
- Morphology
- 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA
- Physical Principles
- 3 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA
- Barium Sulfate
- Lipiodol
- Water-soluble contrast media
- Chemical structure, biological behavior and use
- High-osmolar, ionic contrast media
- Low-osmolar substances
- Nonionic contrast media
- Osmolality and side effects caused by hypertonicity
- Ionic contrast media
- Contrast media for intravenous cholegraphy
- Cations
- Synthesis of water-soluble contrast media
- 4 DEGRADATION OF IODINATED X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA
- 5 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIA
- Water solubility
- Viscosity/Temperature
- Osmolality
- Hydrophilia/Lipophilia
- Electrical charge
- Specific gravity/Density
- Others
- 6 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT QUALITY
- Practical information at a glance
- Purity of the active ingredient, by-products and degradation products
- Formulations
- Additives
- Microbiological quality of the finished product
- Production under controlled environmental conditions
- Production process
- Sterile filtration, ultrafiltration and sterilization
- Sterility test
- Test for pyrogens
- Preservation of product quality in hospitals and practices
- Stability in long-term storage and at different temperatures
- Sensitivity to irradiation and light: white glass, brown glass, and UV-protective foil
- Tests for contamination with particles
- Risks of microbial contamination
- Transferring the contrast medium to sterile containers, disposable syringes, automatic injectors
- Transferring to sterile containers
- Drawing-up into disposable syringes or automatic injectors
- Use of large-volume CM bottles
- 7 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CM.
- Biochemical-pharmacological properties
- Protein binding
- Complement activation
- Enzyme inhibition
- Influence on blood cells
- Histamine release
- Pharmacological-Toxicological Properties
- Tolerance limits
- Effects on the cardiovascular system
- Influence on renal function
- Allergic and pseudoallergic hypersensitivity reactions
- Endothelial damage
- Nervous system
- Pharmacokinetics
- 8 USES OF X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA
- Modes of opacification
- 9 INTERACTIONS
- Influence on laboratory tests
- Interaction with medications
- Interaction of contrast media with additives and during interventional procedures
- Effects on blood coagulation
- 10 RISKS OF CONTRAST MEDIA USE
- Barium sulfate
- Ionic contrast media
- Nonionic contrast media
- Delayed reactions
- Causes of contrast media reactions
- General reactions (anaphylactoid reactions)
- Prophylaxis of general reactions
- Dose-dependent side effects
- Prophylaxis and therapy of severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism
- Renal damage
- Renal insufficiency
- Plasmocytoma
- Diabetes mellitus
- Prophylaxis
- Pregnant patients
- Breast-feeding mothers
- Pheochromocytoma
- Sickle-cell anemia
- 11 DRUGS AND MEASURES FOR THE TREATMENT OF A CONTRAST MEDIUM REACTION
- Notes on the prophylaxis and therapy of X-ray contrast medium adverse effects
- Main risk factors* and prophylactic measures on use of X-ray contrast media
- First line treatment of contrast medium adverse reactions
- 12 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRAST MEDIA
- REFERENCES.