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Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Rosenstock, Todd S.
Other Authors: Rufino, Mariana C., Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus., Wollenberg, Lini., Richards, Meryl.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Chapter 1: Introduction to the SAMPLES Approach
  • 1.1 Motivation for These Guidelines
  • 1.2 Who Should Use These Guidelines?
  • 1.3 How to Use These Guidelines
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Targeting Landscapes to Identify Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Initial Steps
  • 2.3 Top-Down Approach
  • 2.3.1 Landscape Stratification: An Example from East Africa
  • Visual Classification Using VHR Imagery
  • Land-Use and Land-Cover Classification Using Object-Based Approaches and VHR Imagery
  • Landscape Classification Using RS Vegetation Productivity Parameters
  • 2.4 Bottom-Up Approach
  • 2.4.1 Field Typology Definition
  • 2.5 Combining Top-Down and Bottom-Up: The Basis for Scaling Up
  • 2.6 Conclusions
  • 2.7 Appendix
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals Associated with Land-Use and Land-Cover Change
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Determining Change in LULC
  • 3.2.1 Setting Project Boundaries
  • 3.2.2 Data Acquisition
  • Existing Data
  • Ground-Based Field Sampling Methods
  • Remote Sensing Data
  • Spatial Considerations
  • Temporal Considerations
  • 3.2.3 LULC Classification and Change Detection
  • LULC Category Definition
  • LULC Classification, Mapping, and Tabulation
  • Stratification
  • LULC Change Detection
  • 3.3 Developing a Baseline
  • 3.3.1 Baseline Scenarios
  • 3.3.2 Reference Regions
  • 3.4 Calculating Carbon Stock Changes
  • 3.4.1 Key Carbon Pools
  • 3.4.2 Initial Carbon Stock Estimates
  • 3.4.3 Monitoring Carbon Stock Changes
  • Process-Based Method
  • Stock-Based Method
  • 3.5 Assessing Accuracy and Calculating Uncertainty
  • 3.5.1 LULC Classification Accuracy Assessment
  • 3.5.2 LULC Change Detection Accuracy Assessment
  • 3.5.3 Uncertainty Associated with Estimating Carbon Stocks.
  • 3.5.4 Combining Uncertainty Values and Reporting Total Uncertainty
  • 3.6 Challenges, Limitations, and Emerging Technologies
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Managed and Natural Soils
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 What Technique Is Most Suitable for Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange Processes of GHGs?
  • 4.2.1 Micrometeorological Measurements
  • 4.2.2 Chamber Measurements
  • Chambers and Changes in Environmental Conditions
  • Chambers and Spatial Variability of GHG Fluxes
  • 4.3 Measurement of GHG Fluxes in Rice Paddies
  • 4.3.1 Rice Chamber Design and General Procedure (See Also Table 4.2)
  • 4.3.2 Time of Day of Sampling
  • 4.3.3 Sampling Frequency
  • 4.4 Analytical Instruments Used for Chamber Measurements
  • 4.4.1 Gas Chromatography
  • 4.4.2 Spectroscopic Methods
  • 4.4.3 Auxiliary Measurements
  • 4.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 5: A Comparison of Methodologies for Measuring Methane Emissions from Ruminants
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Indirect Estimation
  • 5.2.1 In Vitro Incubation
  • 5.2.2 Estimation from Diet
  • 5.3 Direct Measurement
  • 5.3.1 Open-Circuit Respiration Chambers
  • 5.3.2 Ventilated Hood System
  • 5.3.3 Polytunnel
  • 5.3.4 Sulfur Hexafluoride Tracer Technique
  • 5.3.5 Open-Path Laser
  • 5.4 Short-Term Measurement
  • 5.4.1 Greenfeed® Emission Monitoring Apparatus
  • 5.4.2 Portable Accumulation Chambers
  • 5.4.3 Application of CH4:CO2 Ratio
  • 5.4.4 Spot Sampling with Lasers
  • 5.5 Emerging and Future Technologies
  • 5.5.1 Blood Methane Concentration
  • 5.5.2 Infrared Thermography
  • 5.5.3 Intraruminal Telemetry
  • 5.5.4 Quantitative Molecular Biology
  • 5.6 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Quantifying Tree Biomass Carbon Stocks and Fluxes in Agricultural Landscapes
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Accuracy, Scale, and Cost.
  • 6.3 Quantification of Five Carbon Pools of Representative Plots
  • 6.3.1 Selecting Plots
  • 6.3.2 Measurements of Proxies for Tree Biomass
  • 6.3.3 Calculating C Stocks and Fluxes
  • Time-Averaged Carbon Stock for Different Land Uses
  • Annual Changes: Growth Rates, Dendrochronology, Repeated Measurements
  • 6.3.4 Scaling to Whole-Farms and Landscapes
  • 6.4 Additional Sources of Information
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Methods for Smallholder Quantification of Soil Carbon Stocks and Stock Changes
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Quantification of Soil Carbon Stocks
  • 7.2.1 Sampling Design: Stratification of the Project Area
  • Farm Level
  • Landscape Level
  • 7.2.2 Sample Collection
  • 7.2.3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods
  • 7.2.4 Quantification of SOC Stocks
  • 7.2.5 Scaling SOC Stocks to Landscape and Whole Farms
  • 7.3 Quantification of Soil Carbon Stock Changes
  • 7.3.1 Repeated measurements
  • Laboratory-Based Analyses
  • In Situ Analyses
  • Remote Spectroscopy
  • 7.3.2 Modeling
  • Assumption of Stable Conditions
  • Coupling Erosion Processes
  • Existence of Contrasting SOM Dynamics Between Crops
  • 7.3.3 Monitoring Frequency and Recommendations
  • Appendix A: Methodology for Quantification of Soil Carbon Stocks and Carbon Stock Changes
  • Number of Plots Required
  • Appendix B: Simplified Protocol for Taking and Processing Soil Samples, Adapted for the SAMPLES Project
  • Soil Sampling
  • Detailed Sampling Procedure
  • Soil Bulk Density Determinations
  • Sample Processing
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Yield Estimation of Food and Non-food Crops in Smallholder Production Systems
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Crop Productivity Estimation
  • 8.2.1 Crop Cuts
  • 8.2.2 Farmers' Survey
  • 8.2.3 Estimating Crop Yield by Using Grain Weight (Test Weight)
  • 8.2.4 Whole Plot Harvest
  • 8.2.5 Sampling for Harvest Unit
  • 8.2.6 Expert Assessment.
  • 8.2.7 Crop Cards
  • 8.2.8 Crop Modelling
  • 8.2.9 Allometric Models
  • 8.2.10 Remote Sensing
  • 8.3 Critical Analysis and Comparison of Yield Estimation Methods with Regards to Cost, Scale, and Accuracy
  • 8.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Scaling Point and Plot Measurements of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes, Balances, and Intensities to Whole Farms and Landscapes
  • 9.1 Introduction?
  • 9.2 Scaling Methods
  • 9.3 Using Empirical and Process-Based Models with Disaggregated Data
  • 9.3.1 Empirical Models
  • 9.3.2 Process-Based Models
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Methods for Environment: Productivity Trade-Off Analysis in Agricultural Systems
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 The Nature of Trade-Off Analysis
  • 10.3 Research Approaches and Tools
  • 10.4 A Tiered Approach
  • References
  • Index.

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