Description: The Double Burden of Malnutrition : A Review of Global Evidence

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The Double Burden of Malnutrition : A Review of Global Evidence

The Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) is the coexistence of both under nutrition and over nutrition in the same population across the life course. 'Across the life course' refers to the phenomenon that under nutrition early in life cont...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Shrimpton, Roger, Rokx, Claudia
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2017
Subjects:	ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ADEQUATE DIET AGED AGING AGING POPULATIONS AGRICULTURE ANEMIA ANTIOXIDANTS BABIES BABY BAKED GOODS BAKING BOTTLING BREAD BREASTFEEDING BUTTER CANCER CARBOHYDRATE CARBOHYDRATES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES CEREAL PRODUCTION CEREALS CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD GROWTH CHILD MARRIAGE CHILD MORTALITY CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONFECTIONERY CONSUMPTION PATTERNS CONVENIENCE FOODS COOKING CORN CREAM CULTURAL PRACTICES CURING DAIRY DEATH RATES DEMAND FOR FOOD DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEREGULATION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIABETES DIARRHEA DIET DIETARY CHANGES DIETARY ENERGY DIETARY FAT DIETING DIETS DURATION OF BREASTFEEDING EARLY DEATH EATING HABITS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC GROWTH ELDERLY EMISSIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTS EPIDEMIC EXISTING CAPACITY EXPENDITURES FAMILIES FAMILY SIZE FAST FOOD FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS FATS FERMENTATION FERTILITY FIRST MARRIAGE FISCAL POLICIES FISH FLAVOR ENHANCERS FLAVORING AGENTS FOLIC ACID FOOD ADDITIVES FOOD AVAILABILITY FOOD BASKET FOOD CHAIN FOOD CHAINS FOOD CONSUMPTION FOOD DEFICIT FOOD DEMAND FOOD DISTRIBUTION FOOD IMPORTS FOOD INDUSTRY FOOD MARKETING FOOD POLICY FOOD PRICES FOOD PROCESSING FOOD PRODUCTION FOOD PRODUCTS FOOD SAFETY FOOD SECURITY FOOD SUBSIDIES FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION FOOD SUPPLY FOODS FREEZING FRUIT FRUITS GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION GLOBAL POPULATION GRAINS GREEN REVOLUTION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT HEALTH CARE HEALTH EFFECTS HEALTH RISKS HEALTH SERVICES HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE HORMONES HOUSEHOLD LEVEL HUMAN BODY HUMAN CAPITAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT HUMAN HEALTH HUNGER HYGIENE HYPERTENSION IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNIZATION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION INFECTIOUS DISEASES INTERFERON INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NUTRITION INTERVENTION IODINE IODINE DEFICIENCY IRON IRON DEFICIENCY LAND RESOURCES LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH LEADING CAUSES LEGUMES LEISURE TIME LIPIDS LIPOPROTEINS LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LOW FERTILITY MAIZE MALARIA MALNUTRITION MARGARINE MARKET PRICES MATERNAL NUTRITION MEAL MEASLES MEAT MEATS METABOLISM MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION MICRONUTRIENTS MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS MORBIDITY MORTALITY MOTHER NATIONAL COUNCIL NATIONAL INCOME NATIONAL PLANS NUMBER OF PEOPLE NURSES NUTRIENT NUTRIENT INTAKE NUTRIENTS NUTRITION NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS NUTRITION POLICY NUTRITION PROGRAMS NUTRITION RESEARCH NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES NUTRITIONAL STATUS NUTS OBESITY OBESITY PREVALENCE OIL OIL PRICES OVERNUTRITION PASTEURIZATION PATIENT PEDIATRICS PEER PRESSURE PESTICIDES PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PHYSICAL WORK PHYSICIANS PLANS OF ACTION POLICY DECISIONS POLICY FRAMEWORK POLICY GUIDANCE POPULATION GROWTH POTATO POTATOES PRACTITIONERS PREGNANCY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PRESERVATIVES PRICE CURVES PROCESSED FOODS PRODUCERS PROGRESS PROTEIN PROTEINS PUBLIC HEALTH REFINING REPRODUCTIVE AGE RESEARCH AGENDA RESPIRATORY DISEASES RESTAURANTS RICE RISK FACTORS RURAL AREAS RURAL POPULATIONS SANITATION SEAFOOD SMOKING SNACK FOODS SNACKS SOCIAL MARKETING SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SOFT DRINKS STABILIZERS STAPLE FOODS STARCH STREET FOODS STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT SUGAR SUGARS SUPERMARKET SUPERMARKETS SWEETENERS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TOLERANCE TV UNDERNUTRITION UNFPA UNPROCESSED FOODS URBAN AREAS URBAN POPULATIONS URBANIZATION VEGETABLE OILS VEGETABLES VITAMIN VITAMIN A VITAMIN B12 VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY WAGES WALKING WHEAT WORKFORCE WORKPLACE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WORLD POPULATION YOUNG CHILD YOUNG CHILDREN
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/905651468339879888/The-double-burden-of-malnutrition-a-review-of-global-evidence http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27417

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Summary:	The Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) is the coexistence of both under nutrition and over nutrition in the same population across the life course. 'Across the life course' refers to the phenomenon that under nutrition early in life contributes to an increased propensity for over nutrition in adulthood. The DBM affects all countries, rich and poor, and is a particular concern in countries with high stunting rates. The consequences of the DBM are enormous; early life under nutrition is an underlying cause associated with about a third of young child deaths. Among the survivors who become stunted during the first two years of life, their capacity to resist disease, to carry out physical work, to study and progress in school, are all impaired across the life course. Later in the life course, diet and nutrition, and especially obesity, are important underlying causes of many Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, diabetes, cancer, stroke, and ischemic heart disease. The causes of the DBM are related to a series of changes occurring in the world called the nutrition transition, the demographic transition, and the epidemiological transition of countries. The variables associated with the nutrition transition and obesity epidemic can be grouped into four cross-cutting themes, which include: (i) the health/biological environment; (ii) the economic/food environment; (iii) the physical/built environment; and (iv) the socio/cultural environment. The solutions for the DBM problems are reasonably well recognized in each of its parts: under nutrition and over nutrition. However, the solutions have not been combined into an overarching policy and program framework, which together with raising awareness about the serious future implications for the low-and middle income countries is the aim of this paper.