Female Entrepreneurship in Turkey : Patterns, Characteristics, and Trends
Over a century ago, Schumpeter (1911) described the entrepreneur as a creative, driven individual who finds new combinations of (factors) of production to develop a new product, corner a new market, or design a new technology and he famously attrib...
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| Language: | English en_US |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2016
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/952081479279116824/Female-entrepreneurship-in-Turkey-patterns-characteristics-and-trends http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25410 |
| Summary: | Over a century ago, Schumpeter (1911)
described the entrepreneur as a creative, driven individual
who finds new combinations of (factors) of production to
develop a new product, corner a new market, or design a new
technology and he famously attributed endogenous development
to the creative acts associated with entrepreneurial
activity. This paper contributes to the understanding of
female entrepreneurship in Turkey by analyzing the patterns
and characteristics of female entrepreneurs and examining
time trends in entrepreneurial activity. The data on
entrepreneurs comes from data on employers and own account
workers available in nationally representative Turkish
household labor force surveys of 2004-2012. In Turkey, share
of self-employed was 38 percent of total employment in 2012,
much higher than the European Union (EU) - 27 average of 15
percent. However, the composition of self-employed in Turkey
is markedly different than in EU-27. Only 13 percent of
self-employed in Turkey are employers in contrast to 28
percent of self-employed in EU-27. This study is the first
analyzing the effects of socio-demographic characteristics
such as education, marital status, number of children, and
urban or rural location on gender gap in entrepreneurship in
Turkey. A multinomial logistic model was used where the odds
of being an employer or own account worker over being
inactive and unemployed was analyzed. It is found that
higher education reduces the gender gap while marriage and
number of children increases the gender gap in
entrepreneurship. Perhaps surprisingly, living in an urban
area also increases the gender gap as it increases the odds
of becoming an employer for males and decreases the odds for
females. The first section gives introduction. The section
section deals with a brief literature survey on gender gap
in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneur
characteristics. In section three, the entrepreneurship
setting for women in Turkey is described. Section four
describes the data and methodology. Section five presents results. |
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