Table of Contents: Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Element Pollution.

Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Element Pollution.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Sinharoy, Arindam.
Other Authors:	Lens, Piet.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : IWA Publishing, 2022.
Edition:	1st ed.
Series:	Integrated Environmental Technology Series
Subjects:	Green technology. Rare earth metals. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Cover
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Part I: Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Pollution
Chapter 1: Environmental technologies to treat pollution by rare earth elements
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
1.3 RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FROM WASTE RESOURCES
1.4 TECHNOLOGIES TO RECOVER RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
1.5 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AS NANOPARTICLES
REFERENCES
Part II: Biogeochemical Cycles of Rare Earth Elements
Chapter 2: Discovery and occurrence of lanthanoids and yttrium
2.1 NAMING AND STRUCTURE OF LANTHANOIDS AND YTTRIUM
2.1.1 Nomenclature
2.1.2 Structure
2.1.3 Other fancy names of REE
2.2 HISTORY OF Y AND REE DISCOVERY
2.2.1 Discovery of REE
2.2.2 Yttrium, Y, 1794
2.2.3 Lanthanum, La, 1839
2.2.4 Cerium, Ce, 1803
2.2.5 Praseodymium, Pr, 1885
2.2.6 Neodymium, Nd, 1885
2.2.7 Promethium, Pm, 1947
2.2.8 Samarium, Sm, 1879
2.2.9 Europium, Eu, 1901
2.2.10 Gadolinium, Gd, 1880
2.2.11 Terbium, Tb, 1843
2.2.12 Dysprosium, Dy, 1886
2.2.13 Holmium, Ho, 1879
2.2.14 Erbium, Er, 1843
2.2.15 Thulium, Tm, 1879
2.2.16 Ytterbium, Yb, 1878
2.2.17 Lutetium, Lu, 1907
2.3 PRESENTATION OF THE SUITE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y
2.4 OCCURRENCE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y
2.4.1 REY in rocks
2.4.2 Analyses of REY in abundant minerals
2.4.3 REY distribution in the hydrosphere
2.5 REY DEPOSITS
2.5.1 Geopolitical sources of rare earth elements production
2.5.2 Endogenic enrichment of REY
2.5.2.1 Carbonatites
2.5.2.2 Pegmatites
2.5.2.3 Mountain pass REY deposit
2.5.2.4 Bayan Obo REY deposit
2.5.2.5 Peralkaline igneous deposits
2.5.2.6 Hydrothermal vein deposits
2.5.3 Exogenic enrichment
2.5.3.1 Regolith-hosted REY deposits
2.5.3.2 Ion-adsorbed deposits.
2.5.3.3 Ocean seabed mud
2.5.4 Anthropogenic REY enrichments
2.6 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Chapter 3: Occurrence and detection of the rare earth elements
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 MINERALOGY OF THE REE
3.3 PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
3.4 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF REE DEPOSITS
3.4.1 Igneous processes involved in REE deposit formation
3.4.2 Hydrothermal processes involved in REE deposit formation
3.4.3 Sedimentary, secondary and placer processes
3.5 RARE EARTH ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSIT TYPES
3.5.1 Carbonatites
3.5.2 Alkaline rocks
3.5.3 Granites and rhyolites
3.5.4 Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG)
3.5.5 Unconformity-related
3.5.6 Placer and heavy mineral sands
3.5.7 Laterite and ionic clay deposits
3.6 EXPLORATION FOR REE DEPOSITS
3.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4: Sources and applications of rare earth elements
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Occurrence in different geological systems, mineralogy and demand
4.1.2 Behavior of REE in different geological systems
4.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF REE
4.3 TYPES OF REE DEPOSITS
4.3.1 Primary REE deposits
4.3.2 Secondary REE deposits
4.3.2.1 Ion-adsorption deposits
4.3.2.2 Heavy mineral placer deposits
4.4 ALTERNATE SOURCES FOR REE
4.4.1 REE in coal and coal fly ash
4.4.2 REE in ocean-bottom sediments
4.4.3 Phosphorite deposits
4.4.4 REE in river sediments
4.4.5 Waste rock sources from old and closed mines
4.4.6 Red mud
4.4.7 Extraterrestrial REE resources
4.4.8 REE from electronic and industrial waste
4.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
4.5.1 Glass industry
4.5.2 Energy-efficient lighting
4.5.3 Rechargeable batteries
4.5.4 Permanent magnets
4.5.5 Electronics
4.5.6 Catalysts
4.5.7 Alloys
4.5.8 Defense applications
4.5.9 REE in paints and pigments.
4.5.10 REE in agriculture
4.5.11 REE in medicine
4.5.12 Miscellaneous
4.6 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
Part III: Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Waste Resources
Chapter 5: Rare earth elements recovery from secondary sources
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SOURCES OF REE
5.2.1 Brine
5.2.2 Coal fly ash
5.3 REE RECOVERY FROM BRINE SOLUTIONS
5.4 REE RECOVERY FROM COAL FLY ASH
5.5 OTHER WASTE SOURCES
5.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6: Rare earth elements recovery from red mud
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 BAUXITE RESIDUE
6.2.1 Production
6.2.2 Composition
6.2.3 Particle size distribution of red mud
6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF REES FROM BAUXITE RESIDUE
6.3.1 Methods for physical beneficiation
6.3.1.1 General principle of a hydrocyclone operation process
6.3.1.2 General principle of the multi-gravity separator process
6.3.1.3 Hydrocyclone and multi-gravity separator for red mud treatment
6.3.2 Alkali roasting, smelting and leaching
6.3.3 Sulfation, roasting and leaching
6.3.4 Direct leaching of mineral acid
6.3.5 Pre-concentration-acid leaching
6.4 REE SEPARATION PROCESSES
6.4.1 Fractional crystallization and precipitation
6.4.2 Ion exchange
6.4.3 Solvent extraction
6.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Part IV: Technologies to Recover Rare Earth Elements
Chapter 7 Adsorptive recovery of rare earth elements
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 REE REMOVAL BY CHEMISORBENTS
7.2.1 Silica based adsorbents
7.2.2 Nanomaterials
7.2.3 Surface modification
7.3 BIOSORBENTS FOR THE RECOVERY OF REE
7.3.1 Advantages of biosorbents
7.3.2 Algae based biosorbents
7.3.3 Agrowaste
7.3.3.1 Animal waste
7.3.3.2 Plant-based waste
7.3.4 Activated carbon
7.3.5 Hydrogels
7.4 DESORPTION FOR THE RECOVERY OF ADSORBED REE
7.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE.
7.6 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Microbial recovery of rare earth elements
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
8.2.1 Bioleaching
8.2.2 Rare earth elements microbial interactions as a biorecovery option
8.2.2.1 Microbial cell wall interaction with rare earth elements
8.2.2.2 Microbial resistant mechanisms for the recovery of REE
8.2.2.2.1 Biosorption
8.2.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation
8.2.2.2.3 Biomineralization
8.2.2.2.4 Bioreduction
8.2.3 Selectivity of enzymes as REE recovery strategy
8.2.3.1 The role of REE in microbial metabolism
8.2.3.2 Selectivity of enzymes for REE
8.3 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF REE BIORECOVERY
REFERENCES
Chapter 9: Bioleaching of rare earth elements from industrial and electronic wastes: mechanism and process efficiency
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 MICROBIAL PROCESSES FOR RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE)
9.2.1 REE mobilization
9.2.1.1 Redoxolysis
9.2.1.2 Acidolysis
9.2.1.3 Complexolysis
9.2.2 REE biorecovery
9.2.2.1 Biosorption
9.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation
9.2.2.3 Bioprecipitation
9.3 ROLE OF ALGAL AND FUNGAL SPECIES IN THE RECOVERY OF REE
9.3.1 Algae
9.3.2 Fungi
9.4 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF REE FROM DIFFERENT WASTES
9.4.1 Coal fly ash
9.4.2 Electronic wastes
9.4.3 Red mud
9.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 10: Biological recovery of rare earth elements from mine drainage using the sulfidogenic process
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 REACTIVITY OF REE-BEARING MINERALS
10.2.1 Reactivity of REE-bearing carbonates
10.2.2 Reactivity of REE-bearing silicates
10.2.3 Reactivity of REE-bearing phosphates
10.3 CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF REE
10.4 REE-RICH WASTEWATER ASSOCIATED WITH ACID MINE DRAINAGE
10.5 RECOVERY OF REE THROUGH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT.
10.5.1 SRB treatment of REE-containing mining waste
10.5.2 Treatment of phosphogypsum waste leachate
10.5.2.1 Bioreactor performance
10.5.2.2 Mineralogy of the REE precipitates
10.5.3 Sulfidic treatment of AMD
10.5.3.1 Bioreactor performance
10.5.3.2 Mineralogy of REE precipitates
10.5.3.3 Toxicity of REE to bioreactor sludge
10.6 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF REE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES
10.7 FINAL CONSIDERATION
REFERENCES
Chapter 11: Plant based removal and recovery of rare earth elements
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 SOURCES AND RELEASE OF REE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
11.2.1 Chemical characteristics of REE
11.2.2 Sources of REE
11.2.2.1 Natural sources
11.2.2.2 Industrial sources
11.3 EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY OF REE
11.3.1 Phytoextraction
11.3.1.1 Agromining
11.3.1.2 REE plant uptake
11.3.1.3 Sequential extraction of REE from soil
11.3.2 Other extraction methods
11.4 PHYTOREMEDIATION OF REE
11.4.1 Plant metabolism for REE phytoremediation
11.4.1.1 Plant species selection
11.4.1.2 Bioindicator plants
11.4.1.3 REE in plant metabolism
11.4.2 Plants biomass for biosorption
11.5 WETLANDS FOR REE RETENTION AND RECOVERY
11.5.1 Natural wetlands
11.5.2 Constructed wetlands
11.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Part V: Application of Rare Earth Elements as Nanoparticles
Chapter 12: Rare earth doped nanoparticles and their applications
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
12.2.1 Nanoparticles for medical treatment
12.2.1.1 Hyperthermal therapy
12.2.1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
12.2.2 Rare earth doped iron oxide nanoparticles
12.2.2.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles
12.2.2.2 Rare earth nanoparticles
12.2.2.3 Rare earth nanoparticle synthesis
12.2.2.3.1 Co-precipitation
12.2.2.3.2 Electrochemical synthesis.
12.2.2.3.3 Thermal decomposition synthesis.

Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Element Pollution.

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