Table of Contents: Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings :

Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings : Inferring Physiological, Climatic and Environmental Responses.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Siegwolf, Rolf T. W.
Other Authors:	Brooks, J. Renée., Roden, John., Saurer, Matthias.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
Edition:	1st ed.
Series:	Tree Physiology Series
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
Part I Introduction
1 Isotope Dendrochronology: Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origins
1.3 Advances
1.3.1 20th Century Spin Up
1.3.2 21st Century Expansion
1.4 Emerging Directions
1.5 Conclusions
References
2 Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and Innovations
2.1 The Annual Ring-The Keeper of Time in Dendrochronology
2.1.1 Inter-Annual Variations in Tree-Rings and Tree-Ring Parameters
2.2 Crossdating
2.3 Sampling and Site Selection
2.4 Deconstructing Variability in Tree-Ring Data
2.4.1 The Linear Aggregate Model
2.4.2 Detrending and Standardization
2.4.3 Long-Term Trends in Tree-Ring Data
2.5 Chronology Development, Confidence, Sample Replication, Coherence, and Variance
2.5.1 Tree-Ring Chronologies
2.5.2 Assessment of Chronology Confidence
2.5.3 Variance Changes in Composite Time-Series
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 Anatomical, Developmental and Physiological Bases of Tree-Ring Formation in Relation to Environmental Factors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Wood Structure and Functions
3.2.1 Xylem Anatomy
3.2.2 Xylem Cell Wall Structure and Composition
3.3 The Biological Basis of Wood Formation in Relation to Tree Development
3.3.1 The Successive Stages of Xylem Cell Differentiation
3.3.2 Heartwood Formation
3.3.3 Influence of Environmental Factors on Wood Formation Processes
3.4 Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Relation to Tree Phenology
3.4.1 The Phenology of Cambium and Xylem
3.4.2 The Phenology of Leaves, Roots and Reserves
3.4.3 Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation in Relation to Organ Phenology
3.4.4 Influence of Environment on Seasonal Dynamics of Wood Formation and Tree Phenology
3.5 Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation in Relation with Tree Physiology.
3.5.1 From Wood Formation Dynamics to the Kinetics of Tracheid Differentiation
3.5.2 Influence of Environmental Factors on the Kinetics of Wood Formation
3.6 How Wood Formation Monitoring Can Help to Better Understand Tree-Ring Isotopic Signal
References
Part II Methods
4 Sample Collection and Preparation for Annual and Intra-annual Tree-Ring Isotope Chronologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sample Collection
4.2.1 Site and Tree Selection
4.2.2 Sample Replication
4.2.3 Choosing Field Sampling Equipment
4.3 Sample Preparation
4.3.1 Sampling Resolution
4.3.2 Sample Pooling
4.3.3 Particle Size Requirements for Chemical Extraction and Analytical Repeatability
4.4 Towards Subseasonal-Resolution Analyses of Tree-Ring Records
4.4.1 Important Considerations
4.4.2 Sampling Resolution Comparison
4.4.3 Case Study: Pinus Ponderosa Growing in Southwestern US [Southern Arizona]
4.4.4 Preliminary Assessments
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Stable Isotope Signatures of Wood, its Constituents and Methods of Cellulose Extraction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Whole Wood, Resin Extracted Wood, Lignin or Cellulose?
5.2.1 Basic Considerations from Chemical and Isotopic Properties of Wood Constituents
5.2.2 The Isotope Signatures of Wood as a Result of Relative Contributions of Its Individual Constituents
5.2.3 Estimating Potential Effects or Implications of Variable Proportions of Wood Constituents
5.2.4 Wood Versus Cellulose-A Review of Tree-Ring Stable Isotope Benchmarking Studies
5.2.5 Benefits of Using Cellulose Instead of Wood
5.2.6 The Additional Value of Stable Isotopes of Lignin Methoxyl Groups
5.3 Cellulose Extraction Procedures, Reaction Devices and Sample Homogenization
5.3.1 Sample Pre-preparation, Wood Cross Sections and Tree-Ring Dissection
5.3.2 Extraction Chemistry.
5.3.3 Extraction Devices-Or How to Keep Order When Processing Large Numbers of Small Samples
5.3.4 Homogenization of Micro Amounts of Cellulose Samples
5.4 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Tree-Ring Stable Isotope Measurements: The Role of Quality Assurance and Quality Control to Ensure High Quality Data
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 What is QA/QC?
6.1.2 Taking Ownership of Your Data Quality
6.2 Measurements of Uncertainty
6.2.1 Identical Treatment Principle
6.2.2 Accuracy
6.2.3 Precision
6.2.4 Study Uncertainty and the Propagation of Error
6.3 IRMS Errors and Calibration
6.3.1 Random Measurement Error
6.3.2 Systematic Measurement Error
6.3.3 Calibration
6.4 Traceability and Standards
6.4.1 Traceability
6.4.2 Types of Isotopic Standards for Tree-Ring Analysis
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Newer Developments in Tree-Ring Stable Isotope Methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Compound-Specific δ13C and δ18O Analysis of Sugars and Cyclitols
7.2.1 δ13C Analysis of Tree Sugars and Cyclitols Using Liquid Chromatography
7.2.2 δ18O Analysis of Tree Sugars and Cyclitols Using Gas Chromatography
7.3 UV-Laser Aided Sampling and Isotopic Analysis of Tree Rings
7.3.1 UV-Laser Microscopic Dissection (LMD) of Tree Rings
7.3.2 On-line Analysis of Tree-Ring δ13C by Laser Ablation IRMS
7.3.3 Conversion of High Resolution Tree-Ring Isotope Data into a Temporal Scale
7.3.4 Research Applications
7.4 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis of Cellulose
7.4.1 Position-Specific δ2H and δ13C
7.4.2 Position-Specific δ18O
References
Part III Isotopic Fractionations from Source to Wood
8 Isotopes-Terminology, Definitions and Properties
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Terminology
8.2.1 Isotopes
8.2.2 Isotopocule, Isotopologue and Isotopomer
8.2.3 Clumped Isotopes.
8.3 Notation and Measurement Units
8.3.1 Atom Fraction
8.3.2 Isotope Delta
8.3.3 Isotope phi
8.4 Properties of Isotopes
8.4.1 Isotope Effects-Physical Effects
8.4.2 Isotope Effects-Chemical Effects
8.5 Isotope Fractionation
8.5.1 Quantities to Express Isotope Fractionation
8.5.2 Example for Equilibrium Isotope Effects
8.5.3 Example for Kinetic Isotope Effects
8.5.4 Connection of EIE and KIE
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Carbon Isotope Effects in Relation to CO2 Assimilation by Tree Canopies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The δ13C of Atmospheric CO2
9.3 Photosynthetic Discrimination Against 13C
9.4 Relating the δ13C of Wood to Leaf Gas Exchange
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Environmental, Physiological and Biochemical Processes Determining the Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Tree-Ring Cellulose
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Oxygen Isotope Ratio of Source Water (δ18Osw)
10.2.1 δ18Osw and Climatic Signals
10.2.2 Isotopic Transfer from Precipitation to Source Water
10.3 Oxygen Isotope Enrichment of Leaf Water (Δ18Olw)
10.3.1 The Craig-Gordon Model and Humidity Effect
10.3.2 The Péclet Effect Model
10.4 Biochemical Fractionation
10.4.1 Oxygen Isotope Exchange at the Sites of Sucrose Production and Cellulose Synthesis
10.4.2 Oxygen Isotope Exchange During Phloem Loading and Transport of Sucrose
10.5 Conclusions
References
11 The Stable Hydrogen Isotopic Signature: From Source Water to Tree Rings
11.1 General Introduction
11.2 The Hydrogen Isotopic Signature of Water in Trees
11.3 The Hydrogen Isotopic Signature of Tree-Ring Cellulose
11.4 Methods and Calculations for δ2H Analysis of Tree Carbohydrates
11.4.1 Nitration Methods
11.4.2 Equilibration Methods
11.4.3 Position-Specific Methods to Determine δ2HNE in Wood Material.
11.4.4 Calculation of Non-exchangeable Hydrogen Isotopic Composition, International Standards, and Referencing
11.5 Synthesis of δ2HTRC Data, Applications, and Interpretations
11.5.1 Global δ2HTRC Patterns and Hydro-Climatic Effects
11.5.2 Paleo-Climatic δ2HTRC Applications
11.5.3 Local δ2HTRC Pattern and Physio-Biochemical Effects
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Nitrogen Isotopes in Tree Rings-Challenges and Prospects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Procedures
12.3 Assimilation, Storage and Fractionation of Nitrogen by Trees
12.3.1 Nitrogen through Foliage
12.3.2 From Soils through Roots to the Stems
12.3.3 N Remobilization, Inter-ring Translocation and Fractionation Within Stems
12.4 Tree-Ring δ15N Responses to Changing Conditions
12.4.1 Physiological Changes
12.4.2 Regional and Global Climate
12.4.3 Anthropogenic Impacts
12.4.4 Other Applications
12.5 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions
References
13 Postphotosynthetic Fractionation in Leaves, Phloem and Stem
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Post-Carboxylation Fractionation in the Leaves
13.3 Changes in δ13C Related to Phloem Loading and Transport
13.4 The Hidden Stem Metabolism: Bark Photosynthesis, Stem Respiration, and the Role of Carbon Re-fixation
13.5 Imprint of Storage and Remobilization on the Intra-annual Variation in Tree Rings
13.6 Intra-molecular Isotope Distribution in Wood Tissues
13.7 Can We Actually Assess Water Use Efficiency from Tree-Ring δ13C?
References
Part IV Physiological Interpretations
14 Limits and Strengths of Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Environmental Constraints Impacting Tree Growth and Tree Species Distribution
14.3 Climatic Factors Recorded in Tree-Ring Isotopes.
14.4 Climatic Controls of Plant Physiology as Reflected in Isotopic Signals.

Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings : Inferring Physiological, Climatic and Environmental Responses.

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