Physics of Earth's Radiation Belts : Theory and Observations.
| Main Author: | |
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2021.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Series: | Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Preface
- On the Style and Content of the Book
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- About the Authors
- 1 Radiation Belts and Their Environment
- 1.1 The Overall View to the Belts
- 1.2 Earth's Magnetic Environment
- 1.2.1 The Dipole Field
- 1.2.2 Deviations from the Dipole Field due to Magnetospheric Current Systems
- 1.2.3 Geomagnetic Activity Indices
- 1.3 Magnetospheric Particles and Plasmas
- 1.3.1 Outer Magnetosphere
- 1.3.2 Inner Magnetosphere
- 1.3.3 Cosmic Rays
- 1.4 Magnetospheric Dynamics
- 1.4.1 Magnetospheric Convection
- 1.4.2 Geomagnetic Storms
- 1.4.3 Substorms
- 2 Charged Particles in Near-Earth Space
- 2.1 Guiding Center Approximation
- 2.2 Drift Motion
- 2.2.1 EB Drift
- 2.2.2 Gradient and Curvature Drifts
- 2.3 Drifts in the Magnetospheric Electric Field
- 2.4 Adiabatic Invariants
- 2.4.1 The First Adiabatic Invariant
- Magnetic Mirror and Magnetic Bottle
- 2.4.2 The Second Adiabatic Invariant
- 2.4.3 The Third Adiabatic Invariant
- 2.4.4 Betatron and Fermi Acceleration
- 2.5 Charged Particles in the Dipole Field
- 2.6 Drift Shells
- 2.6.1 Bounce and Drift Loss Cones
- 2.6.2 Drift Shell Splitting and Magnetopause Shadowing
- 2.7 Adiabatic Drift Motion in Time-Dependent Nearly-Dipolar Field
- 3 From Charged Particles to Plasma Physics
- 3.1 Basic Plasma Concepts
- 3.1.1 Debye Shielding
- 3.1.2 Plasma Oscillation
- 3.2 Basic Plasma Theories
- 3.2.1 Vlasov and Boltzmann Equations
- 3.2.2 Macroscopic Variables and Equations
- 3.2.3 Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics
- 3.3 From Particle Flux to Phase Space Density
- 3.4 Important Distribution Functions
- 3.4.1 Drifting and Anisotropic Maxwellian Distributions
- 3.4.2 Loss Cone and Butterfly Distributions
- 3.4.3 Kappa Distribution
- 3.5 Action Integrals and Phase Space Density.
- 4 Plasma Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
- 4.1 Wave Environment of Radiation Belts
- 4.2 Waves in Vlasov Description
- 4.2.1 Landau's Solution of the Vlasov Equation
- 4.2.2 Landau Damping of the Langmuir Wave
- 4.2.3 Physical Interpretation of Landau Damping
- 4.2.4 Solution of the Vlasov Equation in Magnetized Plasma
- Parallel Propagation
- Perpendicular Propagation
- Propagation to Arbitrary Directions
- 4.3 Cold Plasma Waves
- 4.3.1 Dispersion Equation for Cold Plasma Waves in Magnetized Plasma
- 4.3.2 Parallel Propagation (θ= 0)
- Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Wave
- Whistler Mode
- 4.3.3 Perpendicular Propagation (θ= π/2)
- 4.3.4 Propagation at Arbitrary Wave Normal Angles
- 4.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Waves
- 4.4.1 Dispersion Equation for Alfvén Waves
- Parallel Propagation
- Perpendicular Propagation
- Propagation at Oblique Angles
- 4.4.2 MHD Pc4-Pc5 ULF Waves
- 4.5 Summary of Wave Modes
- 5 Drivers and Properties of Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere
- 5.1 Growth and Damping of Waves
- 5.1.1 Macroscopic Instabilities
- 5.1.2 Velocity-Space Instabilities
- 5.1.3 Resonant Wave-Particle Interactions
- 5.2 Drivers of Whistler-Mode and EMIC Waves
- 5.2.1 Anisotropy-Driven Whistler Mode Waves
- 5.2.2 Whistler-Mode Chorus
- 5.2.3 Two-Band Structure of the Chorus
- 5.2.4 Formation and Nonlinear Growth of the Chirps
- 5.2.5 Spatial Distribution of Chorus Waves
- 5.2.6 Anisotropy-Driven EMIC Waves
- 5.2.7 Multiple-Ion Species and EMIC Waves
- 5.3 Plasmaspheric Hiss and Magnetosonic Noise
- 5.3.1 Driving of Plasmaspheric Hiss
- 5.3.2 Equatorial Magnetosonic Noise
- 5.4 Drivers of ULF Pc4-Pc5 Waves
- 5.4.1 External and Internal Drivers
- 5.4.2 Spatial Distribution of ULF Waves
- 6 Particle Source and Loss Processes
- 6.1 Particle Scattering and Diffusion
- 6.2 Quasi-Linear Theory of Wave-Particle Interactions.
- 6.2.1 Elements of Fokker-Planck Theory
- 6.2.2 Vlasov Equation in Quasi-Linear Theory
- Diffusion Equation in Electrostatic Approximation
- Diffusion Equation for Magnetized Plasma
- 6.2.3 Diffusion Equation in Different Coordinates
- 6.3 Ring Current and Radiation Belt Ions
- 6.3.1 Sources of Ring Current Ions
- 6.3.2 Loss of Ring Current Ions
- 6.3.3 Sources and Losses of Radiation Belt Ions
- 6.4 Transport and Acceleration of Electrons
- 6.4.1 Radial Diffusion by ULF Waves
- 6.4.2 Electron Acceleration by ULF Waves
- 6.4.3 Diffusion Coefficients in the (α,p)-Space
- 6.4.4 Diffusion due to Large-Amplitude Whistler-Mode and EMIC Waves
- 6.4.5 Acceleration by Whistler-Mode Chorus Waves
- 6.5 Electron Losses
- 6.5.1 Magnetopause Shadowing
- 6.5.2 Losses Caused by Whistler-Mode Waves in Plasmasphere
- 6.5.3 Losses due to Chorus Waves and Electron Microbursts
- 6.5.4 Losses Caused by EMIC Waves
- 6.6 Different Acceleration and Loss Processes Displayed in Phase Space Density
- 6.7 Synergistic Effects of Different Wave Modes
- 6.8 Summary of Wave-Driven Sources and Losses
- 7 Dynamics of the Electron Belts
- 7.1 Radiation Belt Electron Populations
- 7.2 Nominal Electron Belt Structure and Dynamics
- 7.3 Solar Wind Drivers of Radiation Belt Dynamics
- 7.3.1 Properties of Large-Scale Heliospheric Structures and Their Geomagnetic Response
- 7.3.2 Typical Radiation Belt Responses to Large-Scale Heliospheric Transients
- 7.4 The Slot Between the Electron Belts
- 7.4.1 Injections of Source and Seed Electrons into the Slot
- 7.4.2 Impenetrable Barrier
- 7.5 Storage Ring and Multiple Electron Belts
- 7.6 Energetic Electron Precipitation to Atmosphere
- A Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
- A.1 Lorentz Force and Maxwell Equations
- A.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Linear Media
- A.3 Dispersion Equation in Cold Non-magnetized Plasma.
- B Satellites and Data Sources
- References
- Index.