Microplastic in the Environment : Pattern and Process.
Main Author: | |
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Format: | eBook |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2021.
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Edition: | 1st ed. |
Series: | Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Series
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Preface
- Microplastics on the Rise
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter 1: The Microplastic Cycle: An Introduction to a Complex Issue
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Fluxes of Microplastics Across Ecosystem Compartments
- 1.3 Microplastic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
- 1.4 Microplastic and Freshwater Ecosystems
- 1.5 Microplastic and Marine Ecosystems
- 1.6 Microplastic and the Atmosphere
- 1.7 Microplastic in Biota
- 1.8 Microplastics and Public Policy
- 1.9 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 2: Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 About the Analytes
- 2.3 Sampling
- 2.3.1 Aqueous Matrices
- 2.3.2 Air Samples
- 2.3.3 Sediments, Soils, and Dust
- 2.3.4 Biological Samples
- 2.3.5 Sample Preservation
- 2.4 Laboratory Processing
- 2.4.1 Sample Preparation
- 2.4.2 Chemical and Enzymatic Digestion
- 2.4.3 Physical Separation of Plastics from the Matrix: Filtration and Sieving
- 2.4.4 Density and Other Physical Separation
- 2.4.5 Solvent Extraction
- 2.5 Microplastic Detection and Instrumentation
- 2.5.1 Visual Identification
- 2.5.2 Dyes and Fluorescence Microscopy
- 2.5.3 Electron Microscopy (EM)
- 2.5.4 Chromatography
- 2.5.5 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
- 2.5.6 Raman Spectroscopy
- 2.5.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)
- 2.5.8 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
- 2.5.9 Thermal Analysis Techniques
- 2.5.10 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- 2.6 Microparticle Classes of Emerging Concern
- 2.6.1 Surface Coatings/Paints
- 2.6.2 Tire Particles
- 2.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 2.8 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 3: Evaluating Microplastic Experimental Design and Exposure Studies in Aquatic Organisms
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 MP Parameters
- 3.2.1 Chemical and Physical Character of MP.
- 3.2.2 Primary vs. Weathered MP
- 3.2.3 Microplastic Co-contaminants
- 3.2.4 Application of Labelled Microplastics in Experimental Exposure Studies
- 3.3 How to Design a Meaningful Experimental Exposure Study?
- 3.3.1 Mode of Exposure
- 3.3.2 Concentration of MP for Exposure Studies
- 3.3.3 Surfactants
- 3.3.4 Duration of Exposure
- 3.4 Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 4: Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments
- 4.2.1 Agriculture
- 4.2.2 Urban Environments
- 4.2.2.1 Roads
- 4.2.3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Terrestrial Organisms
- 4.3 Pathways to Freshwater Environments
- 4.3.1 Transfers from Agricultural Environments
- 4.3.2 Transfers from Urban Environments
- 4.3.2.1 Littering and Leaching of Plastic Waste
- 4.3.2.2 Urban Drainage
- 4.3.2.3 Road Runoff
- 4.3.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Effluents
- 4.4 Microplastics in Freshwater Systems
- 4.4.1 Microplastics in Rivers
- 4.4.2 Microplastics in Lakes
- 4.4.3 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Organisms
- 4.5 Microplastics in the Atmosphere
- 4.6 Microplastics: Where Do They End Up?
- 4.6.1 Export to the Marine Environment
- 4.6.2 Microplastic Sinks in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments
- 4.7 Future Research Agendas
- References
- Chapter 5: Marine Microplastics and Seafood: Implications for Food Security
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems.
- 5.3 Microplastic in Bivalves
- 5.4 Microplastics in Echinoderms
- 5.5 Microplastics in Gastropods
- 5.6 Microplastics in Cephalopods
- 5.7 Microplastics in Crustaceans
- 5.8 Microplastics in Finfish
- 5.9 Co-contaminants Associated with Microplastics in Seafood
- 5.10 Microplastic Uptake and Toxicity in Humans.
- 5.11 Consequences of Microplastics in Marine Animals
- 5.12 Challenges and Priorities in Marine Microplastic Research
- 5.13 Future Recommendations and Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 6: Weight of Evidence for the Microplastic Vector Effect in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Guidance for Microplastic Vector Studies in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment
- 6.2.1 Criteria for In Vivo Laboratory Studies
- 6.2.2 Criteria for Field Studies
- 6.2.3 Criteria for In Vitro Studies
- 6.2.4 Criteria for Model Scenario Studies
- 6.3 Weight of Evidence Supporting the Microplastic Vector Hypothesis in the Context of Chemical Risk
- 6.3.1 Weight of Evidence from In Vivo Laboratory Studies
- 6.3.2 Weight of Evidence from Field Studies
- 6.3.3 Weight of Evidence from In Vitro Studies
- 6.3.4 Weight of Evidence from Modelling Studies
- 6.4 Risk Assessment of Plastic-Associated Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating the Relevance of the MP Vector Effect for Risks of Plastic-Associated Chemicals in San Diego Bay
- 6.5 Mitigation of Microplastic and Plastic-Associated Chemicals
- 6.6 General Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Methods Used for Review Process
- 7.2.1 Overall Review Process
- 7.2.2 Extraction and Compilation of Data
- 7.2.3 Evaluation and Scoring of Data Quality
- 7.2.4 Treatment of Extracted Data
- 7.3 Results and Discussion
- 7.3.1 General Overview of Information Extracted from Reviewed Publications
- 7.3.1.1 Polymer Type, Morphology, Surface and Size
- 7.3.1.2 Experimental Conditions
- 7.3.1.3 Organisms Used in Ecotoxicological Studies
- 7.3.1.4 Levels of Biological Organization
- 7.3.2 Ecotoxicological Effects
- 7.3.2.1 Phytoplankton.
- 7.3.2.2 Cnidaria
- 7.3.2.3 Nematoda
- 7.3.2.4 Rotifera
- 7.3.2.5 Arthropoda
- 7.3.2.6 Annelida
- 7.3.2.7 Mollusca
- 7.3.2.8 Echinodermata
- 7.3.2.9 Chordata: Fish
- 7.3.3 Species Sensitivity Distributions
- 7.3.4 Direct and Indirect Effects at the Ecosystem/Community Level
- 7.3.5 Interaction of Plastic Particles with Chemicals
- 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions
- References
- Chapter 8: Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Sorption of Environmental Contaminants by Microplastics
- 8.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- 8.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
- 8.2.3 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- 8.2.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
- 8.2.5 Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)
- 8.3 Desorption of Environmental Pollutants from Microplastics
- 8.3.1 Leaching of Additives from Microplastics
- 8.4 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Foods
- 8.4.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
- 8.4.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Salt
- 8.4.3 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Water
- 8.5 Risk Profiling of Microplastics in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
- 8.5.1 Microplastics Dietary Intake
- 8.5.2 Microplastics Uptake and Toxicity
- 8.5.3 Case Study: Exposure Assessment of Microplastic Additives and Associated Sorbed Contaminants via Shellfish Consumption
- 8.5.4 Limitations for Food Safety Risk Assessment
- 8.6 Research Gaps
- 8.7 Conclusions
- 8.8 Glossary
- 8.8.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Definition
- 8.8.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Composition
- 8.8.2.1 Monomers and Polymers
- 8.8.2.2 Flame Retardants
- 8.8.2.3 Plasticizers
- 8.8.2.4 Antioxidants and Stabilizers.
- References
- Chapter 9: The Microplastic-Antibiotic Resistance Connection
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 The Plastisphere Concept
- 9.3 Antibiotic Resistance
- 9.4 Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance
- 9.5 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research
- References
- Chapter 10: The United Nations Basel Convention's Global Plastic Waste Partnership: History, Evolution and Progress
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 The Evolution of the Basel Convention
- 10.3 Basel Tackles Plastic Waste
- 10.4 The Plastic Waste Amendments
- 10.5 The Plastic Waste Partnership
- 10.6 Looking Ahead
- References
- Chapter 11: Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem
- 11.1 Premises and Aims
- 11.2 Plastic Pollution as Wicked Problem
- 11.3 Problem Formulations: Consensus or Dispute?
- 11.4 What Are We Trying to Solve?
- 11.5 Solving the Waste Problem
- 11.6 Solving the Resource Problem
- 11.7 Solving the Economic Problem
- 11.8 Solving the Societal Problem
- 11.9 Solving the Systemic Problem
- 11.10 The Four Scales of Solutions
- 11.11 How to Solve the Wicked Problem of Plastic Pollution?
- References
- Index.