Table of Contents: Water and Earthquakes.

Water and Earthquakes.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Wang, Chi-yuen.
Other Authors:	Manga, Michael.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
Edition:	1st ed.
Series:	Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences Series
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
References
2 Groundwater Flow and Transport
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pressure, Hydraulic Head and Darcy's Law
2.3 Permeability of Layered Media
2.4 Specific Storage and Specific Yield
2.5 Saturated Flow
2.5.1 Isothermal Flow
2.5.2 Flow Through Variable Temperatures
2.6 Unsaturated Flow
2.7 Heat Transport
2.8 Solute Transport
References
3 Hydro-Mechanical Coupling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linear Poroelasticity and Groundwater Flow
3.2.1 Constitutive Relations for Isotropic Stress: Biot (1941)
3.2.2 Effective Stress
3.2.3 Related Poroelastic Constants
3.2.4 Constitutive Relationship for Anisotropic Stress: Biot (1955)
3.2.5 Poroelastic Constants
3.2.6 Governing Equations for Flow in Poroelastic Media
3.2.7 Uncoupling Stress or Strain from Fluid Flow
3.3 Consolidation
3.3.1 Consolidation of Sediments in Sedimentary Basin
3.3.2 Terzaghi Theory of Consolidation
3.4 Liquefaction
3.5 Rock Friction and Instability
3.5.1 Friction and Frictional Instability
3.5.2 The Rate-and-State Equation
References
4 Earthquakes Influenced by Water
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fluids and Rock Failure
4.3 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection
4.4 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Extraction
4.5 Reservoir-Induced Seismicity
4.6 Natural Hydrological Triggering of Earthquakes
4.7 Earthquake Triggering of Earthquakes via Hydrological Processes
4.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
References
5 Response to Tides, Barometric Pressure and Seismic Waves
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Tidal Potential
5.3 Earth Tides
5.4 Groundwater Response to Earth Tides
5.4.1 Tidal Response of a Confined Aquifer
5.4.2 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with Flow to the Water Table.
5.4.3 An Example of Seasonal Change of Tidal Response
5.4.4 Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer
5.4.5 Numerical Simulation for the Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer
5.4.6 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with the Capillary Effect
5.5 Groundwater Response to Barometric Changes
5.5.1 Barometric Response of Aquifers and Barometric Efficency
5.5.2 Analytical Solution with a Half-Space Aquitard
5.5.3 Analytical Solution with a Finite Aquitard
5.5.4 Numerical Solution
5.5.5 Applications
5.6 Estimating Hydraulic Property with Tidal and Barometric Methods
5.7 Groundwater Oscillations in Response to Seismic Waves
5.8 Concluding Remarks
Appendices. Derivation of Equations
Appendix 5.1 Solution for a Confined Aquifer
Appendix 5.2 Solution for a Leaky Aquifer
Appendix 5.3 Barometric Response with Finite Aquitard
Appendix 5.4 Effect of Fractures on Groundwater Response
References
6 Groundwater Level
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Observations
6.2.1 Coseismic Step-like Changes of Groundwater Level
6.2.2 Sustained Changes
6.2.3 Breached Confinement
6.3 Models and Constraints
6.3.1 Coseismic Static Strain
6.3.2 Undrained Consolidation and Liquefaction
6.3.3 Enhanced Permeability
6.3.4 Shaking Water Out of Unsaturated Soil
6.4 Constraints
6.4.1 Constraints from Laboratory Experiments
6.4.2 Constraints from Field Observations
6.4.3 Constraint from Tidal Analysis
6.4.4 Constraints from Threshold Seismic Energy
6.4.5 Post-seismic Recession of Groundwater Level
6.5 Pore Pressure and Permeability of Continental Faults
6.6 Pore Pressure and Permeability on the Ocean Floor
6.6.1 Pore Pressure and Permeability in an Accretionary Prism
6.6.2 Pore Pressure Changes Near an Ocean Ridge
6.7 Concluding Remarks
Appendix: Derivation of Eq. 6.13
References.
7 Stream Flow
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Observations
7.2.1 Measurement with Flow Meter and Tape
7.2.2 Measurement with Stream Gauges
7.3 Proposed Mechanisms
7.3.1 Static Elastic Strain
7.3.2 Consolidation and Liquefaction
7.3.3 Water Released from Mountains
7.3.4 Water Released from Unsaturated Soils
7.3.5 Enhanced Permeability
7.3.6 Enhanced Vertical Permeability
7.4 Model Constraints
7.4.1 Constraints from Earthquake Mechanism
7.4.2 Constraints from Recession Analysis
7.4.3 Constraints From Multiple Stream Gauges
7.4.4 Constraints From the Threshold Seismic Energy
7.4.5 Constraints from Laboratory Experiment
7.4.6 Constraints from Chemical Composition of the Excess Flow
7.5 Streamflow Changes in Hydrothermal Areas
7.6 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Groundwater Temperature
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Land Measurements
8.2.1 China
8.2.2 Japan
8.2.3 Korea
8.3 Basin-Wide Changes
8.4 Springs
8.4.1 Cold Springs
8.4.2 Hot Springs
8.5 Seafloor Measurements
8.5.1 Subduction Zones
8.5.2 Near Oceanic Ridge
8.6 Turbulent Mixing of Well Water
8.7 Concluding Remarks
References
9 Groundwater and Stream Composition
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Groundwater Composition
9.2.1 Major Elements
9.2.2 Trace Elements
9.2.3 Stable Isotopes
9.3 Stream Water Composition
9.4 Need of Integrated Data to Interpret Composition Change
9.5 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Geysers
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Response of Geysers to Earthquakes
10.1.2 Response of Geysers to Other Sources of Stress
10.2 Mechanisms
10.2.1 How Do Geysers Work?
10.2.2 Mechanisms for Altering Eruptions
10.3 Conclusions About Geysers
References
11 Liquefaction
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sediment Consolidation and Liquefaction in Cyclic Loading.
11.3 Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field
11.4 Experiment at Wildlife Liquefaction Array, California
11.5 Dependence of Liquefaction on Seismic Frequency
11.6 Concluding Remarks
References
12 Mud Volcanoes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Response of Mud Volcanoes to Earthquakes
12.3 Insights from Triggered Eruptions of Magmatic Volcanoes
12.4 Mechanisms
12.4.1 Static or Dynamic Stresses?
12.4.2 Mechanisms for Initiating Eruptions
12.5 The Sidoarjo (Lusi) Mud Flow
12.6 Effect of Earthquakes on Already-Erupting Mud Volcanoes
12.7 Concluding Remarks About Mud Volcanoes
References
13 Hydrologic Precursors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What is a Precursor?
13.3 Identifying Precursors
13.4 Examples
13.4.1 China: Haicheng, 1975 and Tangshan, 1976
13.4.2 Kobe, Japan, 1995
13.4.3 Nankaido, Japan, 1946
13.4.4 Oxygen Isotope Precursors to the 2016 Tottori Earthquake, Japan
13.4.5 Kettleman Hills, California, 1985
13.4.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999
13.4.7 Kamchatka
13.4.8 Pyrenees, France, 1996
13.4.9 Reservoir Induced Seismicity, Koyna, India
13.4.10 Calistoga Geyser, California
13.4.11 Iceland, 2012-2013
13.4.12 Central Italy Seismic Sequence, 2016
13.4.13 Precursory Changes in Spring Temperature
13.5 Outlook
References
14 Epilogue
14.1 General Framework
14.2 Future Research
References
Index.

Water and Earthquakes.

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