Textbook on Scar Management : State of the Art Management and Emerging Technologies.
| Main Author: | |
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| Other Authors: | , , |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2020.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contents
- Contributors
- I: Biology and Scar Formation
- 1: Fetal Wound Healing
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Inflammation
- 1.3 Extracellular Matrix
- 1.4 Angiogenesis
- 1.5 Keratinocytes
- 1.6 Fibroblasts
- 1.7 Mechanical Forces
- 1.8 Remodeling
- 1.9 Skin Appendix Formation
- 1.10 Conclusions
- References
- 2: Mechanobiology of Cutaneous Scarring
- 2.1 Background
- 2.2 Role of Mechanobiology in Cutaneous Scarring
- 2.3 Cellular and Tissue Responses to Mechanical Forces
- 2.4 Role of Mechanobiology in the Development of Pathological Scars
- 2.5 A Pathological Scar Animal Model that Is Based on Mechanotransduction
- 2.6 Mechanotherapy for Scar Prevention and Treatment
- 2.6.1 Stabilization Materials
- 2.6.2 Sutures
- 2.6.3 Z-Plasty, Skin Grafting, and Local Flaps
- 2.7 Conclusion
- References
- 3: Scar Formation: Cellular Mechanisms
- 3.1 Background
- 3.2 Introduction
- 3.3 General Mechanisms of Scar Formation
- 3.4 Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Myofibroblast Phenotype
- 3.5 Cellular Origins of Myofibroblasts
- 3.6 Regulation of Myofibroblast Phenotype
- 3.7 Role of Myofibroblasts in Pathological Scarring and Fibrosis
- 3.8 The Role of Mechanical Tension
- 3.9 Role of Innervation in Skin Healing
- 3.10 Therapeutic Options
- 3.11 Conclusion
- References
- II: Epidemiology of Scars and Their Consequences
- 4: The Epidemiology of Keloids
- 4.1 Background
- 4.2 Demographic Risk Factors That Shape Keloid Rates
- 4.3 Genetic Risk Factors That Shape Keloid Rates
- 4.4 Environmental Risk Factors That Shape Keloid Rates
- 4.5 Conclusion
- References
- 5: Epidemiology of Scars and Their Consequences: Burn Scars
- 5.1 Burn Injuries and Their Treatment
- 5.1.1 Burn Care
- 5.1.2 Acute Phase.
- 5.2 Prevalence of Burn Scars and Their Consequences
- 5.2.1 Definition of Scars
- 5.2.2 Prevalence of Hypertrophic Scarring
- 5.2.3 Prevalence of Contractures
- 5.2.4 Scar Quality Assessment
- 5.2.5 Prevalence of Reconstructive Surgery
- 5.2.6 Maturation Pattern
- 5.3 Factors Predicting Scar Outcome After Burns
- 5.3.1 Patient Characteristics
- 5.3.2 Injury and Treatment Characteristics
- 5.3.3 Patient, Injury and Treatment Characteristics Combined
- 5.4 Clinical Relevance
- 5.5 Conclusion
- References
- Further Reading
- 6: Scar Epidemiology and Consequences
- 6.1 Introduction and Background
- 6.2 Reminder of the Spectrum of Scars
- 6.2.1 Contractures
- 6.2.2 Extended Scar
- 6.2.3 Atrophic Scar
- 6.2.4 Hypertrophic Scar
- 6.2.5 Keloid Scar
- 6.3 Hypertrophic Scars
- 6.4 Basic Epidemiology
- 6.4.1 Risk Factors
- 6.5 Keloid Scars
- 6.5.1 Basic Epidemiology
- 6.5.2 Risk Factors
- 6.6 Specific Situation: The Burnt Patient Healing
- 6.6.1 Scarred Hypertrophy in Burned Patients: Epidemiology
- 6.6.2 Retracted Scars
- 6.7 Impact of Scars
- 6.8 Conclusion
- References
- 7: Other Scar Types: Optimal Functional and Aesthetic Outcome of Scarring in Cleft Patients
- 7.1 Background
- 7.2 Objectives of Cleft Lip Surgery
- 7.3 Treatment Protocol
- 7.4 Cleft Lip Reconstruction: Surgical Techniques
- 7.4.1 Unilateral Cleft Lip
- 7.4.1.1 Millard Lip Closure
- 7.4.1.2 Fisher Lip Closure
- 7.4.2 Bilateral Cleft Lip
- 7.4.3 Additional Measures to Improve Scarring
- 7.4.3.1 Perioperative Botulinum Toxin
- 7.4.3.2 Sutureless Skin Closure
- 7.4.3.3 Silicone Application
- 7.4.3.4 Postoperative Laser Therapy
- 7.4.3.5 Hair Transplantation
- 7.5 Secondary Cleft Lip Reconstruction
- 7.6 Evaluation of Aesthetic Outcome
- 7.6.1 Palatal Scarring
- 7.6.1.1 Palatal Closure.
- 7.6.1.2 Timing of Palatal Closure
- 7.6.1.3 Maxillary Growth
- 7.6.1.4 Speech Development
- 7.7 Conclusion
- Further Reading
- III: Hypertrophic and Keloid Scar: Genetics and Proteomic Studies
- 8: Genetics of Keloid Scarring
- 8.1 Background
- 8.2 HLA Immunogenetics
- 8.3 Linkage
- 8.4 Large-Scale Population Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
- 8.5 Gene Expression
- 8.6 MicroRNAs (miRNA)
- 8.7 Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)
- 8.8 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)
- 8.9 Microarray Analysis
- 8.10 Epigenetics
- 8.10.1 Methylation
- 8.10.2 Histone Modifications
- 8.11 Mutations
- 8.12 Copy Number Variation
- 8.13 FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization)
- 8.14 Conclusions
- Further Readings/Additional Resources
- References
- IV: International Scar Classifications
- 9: International Scar Classification in 2019
- 9.1 Immature Scar
- 9.2 Mature Scar
- 9.3 Atrophic Scar
- 9.4 Linear Hypertrophic Scar
- 9.5 Widespread Hypertrophic Scar
- 9.6 Keloid
- 9.6.1 Minor Keloid
- 9.6.2 Major Keloid
- Bibliography
- V: Scar Symptoms
- 10: Scar Symptoms: Pruritus and Pain
- 10.1 Pain: Definition and Subtypes
- 10.2 Pain Pathway
- 10.2.1 Peripheral Receptor Activation
- 10.2.2 Ascending Pathway
- 10.2.3 Descending Pathway
- 10.2.4 Peripheral Sensitization
- 10.2.5 Central Sensitization
- 10.2.6 Pruritus: Definition and Subtypes
- 10.2.7 Pruritic Pathway
- 10.2.7.1 Peripheral Receptor Activation
- Histamine
- Acetylcholine
- Bradykinin
- Proteinases
- 10.2.8 Peripheral Nerve Fibers (PNF)
- 10.2.9 Spinal Cord/Itch Specific Neurons
- 10.2.10 Thalamocortical Level
- 10.2.10.1 Incidence/Prevalence of Pain and Itch in Scars
- 10.2.10.2 Management of Symptoms
- 10.2.11 Non-pharmacological Adjuncts
- 10.2.11.1 Psychological Support
- 10.2.11.2 Cooling
- 10.2.11.3 Hydration/Moisturization
- 10.2.11.4 Massage.
- 10.2.11.5 Silicone Gels/Sheets
- 10.2.12 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
- 10.2.13 Pharmacological Adjuncts
- 10.2.13.1 Capsaicin
- 10.2.13.2 Antihistamines
- 10.2.13.3 Gabapentin/Pregabalin
- 10.2.13.4 Steroids
- 10.2.13.5 Botulinum Toxin
- 10.2.14 Emerging Modalities
- 10.2.14.1 Autologous Fat Grafting
- 10.2.14.2 Lasers
- 10.3 Conclusion
- References
- 11: Scar Symptom: Erythema and Thickness
- 11.1 Mechanisms of Erythema in Scar
- 11.1.1 Inflammation-Induced Capillary Perfusion Is Crucial for Erythema Initiation
- 11.1.2 Vascularization Dynamically Participates in the Erythema Development
- 11.1.3 Thinner Epidermis Is Directly Responsible for the Transparency in Erythematous Scars with Skin Barrier Defect
- 11.2 Contributions of Erythema to Scar Development and Associated Clinical Symptoms
- 11.3 Scar Erythema and Scar Thickness
- 11.4 Clinical Measurement of Scar Redness and Thickness
- 11.5 Clinical Relevance
- 11.5.1 Clinical Treatment Strategies of Erythema in Scars
- 11.5.1.1 Anti-inflammation Strategies to Alleviate Erythema and Hinder Scars Development
- 11.5.1.2 Laser Treatments to Interfere with Erythema from Multiple Perspective
- 11.5.1.3 Compression Therapy
- 11.5.1.4 Medical Needling
- 11.6 Clinical Treatment for Thick Scar
- 11.7 Conclusion
- References
- 12: Scar Symptoms: Pigmentation Disorders
- 12.1 Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
- 12.1.1 Hypopigmentation
- 12.1.2 Hyperpigmentation
- 12.1.3 Maturation
- 12.2 Measurement Techniques
- 12.2.1 Objective Measurement Instruments
- 12.2.2 Scar Assessment Scales
- 12.3 Therapies
- 12.3.1 Hypopigmentation
- 12.3.1.1 Nonsurgical Techniques
- Laser Therapy
- Dermatography
- Camouflage Therapy
- 12.3.1.2 Surgical Techniques
- Dermabrasion
- Skin Grafting
- Cell Therapy
- Microneedling
- Excision.
- 12.3.2 Hyperpigmentation
- 12.3.2.1 Nonsurgical Treatment
- Topical Treatments
- Chemical Peels
- Laser Therapy
- 12.3.2.2 Surgical Treatment
- Dermabrasion
- Excision
- 12.4 Conclusion
- References
- 13: Scar Contractures
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 General Features
- 13.3 Contractures of the Neck
- 13.4 Axillar Contractures
- 13.5 Hand Contractures
- 13.6 Other Anatomical Sites of Scar Contractures
- 13.7 Rehabilitation Programs
- 13.8 Surgical Strategies
- 13.9 Z Plasties
- 13.10 Skin Grafts
- 13.11 Dermal Substitutes
- 13.12 Flaps
- 13.13 Conclusion
- References
- VI: Scar Assessment Scales
- 14: Scar Assessment Scales
- 14.1 Background
- 14.2 Domains
- 14.3 Scar Assessment Scales
- 14.4 Measurement Properties/Clinimetrics
- 14.5 Conclusion
- References
- 15: Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) Scar Scale (JSS) for Assessing Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars
- 15.1 Background
- 15.2 JSW Scar Scale (JSS) 2015
- 15.3 Classification Table
- 15.4 Evaluation Table
- 15.5 Clinical Suitability and Usefulness of the JSS
- 15.6 Conclusion
- References
- VII: Objective Assessment Technologies (Cutometer, Laser Doppler, 3D Imaging, Stereophotogrammetry)
- 16: Objective Assessment Technologies: General Guidelines for Scar Assessment
- 16.1 Background
- 16.2 Choosing the Right Tools for Each Scar
- 16.3 Optimizing the Measurement Process
- 16.3.1 Preparing the Surroundings
- 16.3.2 Configuring and Calibrating the Assessment Tools
- 16.3.3 Preparing the Patient
- 16.3.4 Performing the Measurements
- 16.4 Interpreting Therapeutic Success with Objective Scar Assessment Technologies
- 16.4.1 Data Assessment and Evaluation
- 16.4.2 Clinically Important Difference
- 16.5 Conclusion
- References
- 17: Objective Assessment Tools: Physical Parameters in Scar Assessment
- 17.1 Clinimetrics
- 17.2 Color.
- 17.2.1 Erythema and Pigmentation.