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Solar Energetic Particles : A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Reames, Donald V.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
Edition:2nd ed.
Series:Lecture Notes in Physics Series
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • About the Author
  • Abbreviations
  • 1: Introducing the Sun and SEPs
  • 1.1 The Structure of the Sun
  • 1.2 The Solar Magnetic Field
  • 1.3 Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
  • 1.4 Interplanetary Space
  • 1.5 Solar Energetic Particles
  • 1.5.1 Time Duration
  • 1.5.2 Abundances
  • 1.5.3 The Solar Cycle
  • 1.5.4 Relativistic Kinematics
  • 1.6 What Do We ``See ́́at the Sun?
  • References
  • 2: A Turbulent History
  • 2.1 The First SEPs
  • 2.2 Solar Radio Bursts and Electrons
  • 2.3 The Spatial Distribution
  • 2.3.1 Lateral Diffusion and the Birdcage Model
  • 2.3.2 Large Scale Shock Acceleration and CMEs
  • 2.3.3 The Longitude Distribution
  • 2.3.4 Scatter-Free Events
  • 2.3.5 Field-Line Random Walk
  • 2.4 Shock Theory
  • 2.5 Element Abundances
  • 2.5.1 First Ionization Potential (FIP) and Powers of A/Q
  • 2.5.2 3He-rich Events
  • 2.5.3 The Seed Population for Shocks
  • 2.6 Ionization States
  • 2.7 Disappearing-Filament Events
  • 2.8 ``The Solar-Flare Myth ́́
  • 2.9 Wave Generation and the Streaming Limit
  • 2.10 SEP-CME Correlation
  • 2.11 SEPs Actually Cause Flares, Not the Reverse
  • References
  • 3: Distinguishing the Sources
  • 3.1 SEP Onset Times
  • 3.2 Realistic Shock-SEP Timing and Correlations
  • 3.3 Injection Profiles
  • 3.4 High-Energy Spectra and Spectral Knees
  • 3.5 Intensity Dropouts and Compact Sources
  • 3.6 Abundances
  • 3.7 Electrons
  • 3.8 Why Not Flares?
  • 3.9 SEPs as Probes
  • References
  • 4: Impulsive SEP Events (and Flares)
  • 4.1 Selecting Impulsive Events
  • 4.2 Sample Impulsive Events
  • 4.3 Energy Dependence
  • 4.4 Abundances for Z 26
  • 4.5 Abundances for 34 Z 82
  • 4.6 Power-Law Enhancements in A/Q: Source-Plasma Temperatures
  • 4.7 Associations: CMEs, Flares, and Jets
  • 4.8 Can We Have It Both Ways?
  • 4.9 Nuclear Reactions: Gamma-Ray Lines and Neutrons.
  • 4.10 Open Questions
  • References
  • 5: Gradual SEP Events
  • 5.1 Parallel Transport
  • 5.1.1 Diffusive Transport
  • 5.1.2 Wave Growth
  • 5.1.3 Particle Transport
  • 5.1.4 Initial Abundance Ratios
  • 5.1.5 The Streaming Limit
  • 5.1.6 Electron Transport
  • 5.2 Angular Distributions
  • 5.3 Models and Shock Acceleration
  • 5.4 Shock Acceleration In Situ
  • 5.5 Averaging SEP Abundances
  • 5.6 Source-Plasma Temperatures
  • 5.7 Spatial Distributions and the Reservoir
  • 5.7.1 Reservoirs, Loops, and Long-Duration γ Rays
  • 5.8 Non-thermal Variations: Impulsive vs. Gradual SEPs
  • 5.9 The Abundance of He and the FIP Effect
  • 5.10 Open Questions
  • References
  • 6: High Energies and Radiation Effects
  • 6.1 High-Energy Spectra
  • 6.2 The Streaming Limit
  • 6.3 Radial Dependence
  • 6.4 Radiation Hazards and an SEP Storm Shelter
  • 6.5 A Mission to Mars
  • 6.6 The Upper Atmosphere of Earth
  • 6.7 SEPs and Exoplanets
  • References
  • 7: Measurements of SEPs
  • 7.1 Single-Element Detectors
  • 7.2 DeltaE Versus E Telescopes
  • 7.2.1 An Example: LEMT
  • 7.2.2 Isotope Resolution: SIS
  • 7.2.3 Angular Distributions
  • 7.2.4 Onboard Processing
  • 7.3 Time-of-Flight Versus E
  • 7.4 NOAA/GOES
  • 7.5 High-Energy Measurements
  • 7.6 Problems and Errors
  • References
  • 8: Element Abundances and FIP: SEPs, Corona, and Solar Wind
  • 8.1 Element Abundances in the Sun
  • 8.2 The Solar Wind
  • 8.3 Corotating Interaction Regions: Accelerated Solar Wind
  • 8.4 Comparing FIP Patterns of SEPs and the Solar Wind
  • 8.5 FIP Theory: The Sources of SEPs and the Solar Wind
  • 8.6 A Full-Sun Map of FIP
  • 8.7 A Possible SW-SEP Model
  • 8.8 FIP-Dependent Variations in He
  • 8.9 Open Questions
  • References
  • 9: Hydrogen Abundances and Shock Waves
  • 9.1 Impulsive SEP Events
  • 9.2 Gradual SEP Events
  • 9.3 Waves Coupling Proton Velocity with A/Q
  • 9.4 Compound Seed Particles.
  • 9.5 CME Associations of Impulsive and Gradual Events
  • 9.6 Four Subtypes of SEP Events
  • 9.7 Spatial Distributions
  • 9.8 Rigidity-Dependence: Acceleration or Transport?
  • 9.9 Correlations Between Spectra and Abundances
  • 9.10 Open Questions
  • References
  • 10: Summary and Conclusions.

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