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Robotics, AI, and Humanity : Science, Ethics, and Policy.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: von Braun, Joachim.
Other Authors: S. Archer, Margaret., Reichberg, Gregory M., Sánchez Sorondo, Marcelo.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks,and Implications for Ethics and Policy
  • Introduction
  • Message from Pope Francis
  • Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
  • Overview on Perspectives
  • Intelligent Agents
  • Consciousness
  • AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society
  • Work
  • AI/Robotics: Poverty and Welfare
  • Food and Agriculture
  • Education
  • Finance, Insurance, and Other Services
  • Robotics/AI and Militarized Conflict
  • Implications for Ethics and Policies
  • AI/Robotics: Human and Social Relations
  • Regulating for Good National and International Governance
  • Toward Global AI Frameworks
  • Protecting People's and Individual Human Rights and Privacy
  • Developing Corporate Standards
  • Part I Foundational Issues in AI and Robotics
  • Differences Between Natural and Artificial CognitiveSystems
  • Introduction
  • Strategies for the Encoding of Relations: A Comparison Between Artificial and Natural Systems
  • Encoding of Relations in Feed-Forward Architectures
  • Encoding of Relations by Assemblies
  • A Comparison Between the Two Strategies
  • Assembly Coding and the Binding Problem
  • Computing in High-Dimensional State Space
  • Information Processing in Natural Recurrent Networks
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Foundations of Artificial Intelligence and Effective Universal Induction
  • Introduction
  • Learning from Data: The Problem of Induction
  • Learning Frameworks
  • The Asynchronous Learning Framework
  • Solomonoff Induction
  • The Synchronous Learning Framework
  • Effective Universal Induction
  • Caveats
  • The Structure of Uncertainty
  • Formalizing Uncertainty
  • The Algebra of Truth Bearers
  • Uncertainty: The Boolean Case
  • Axioms for Uncertainty
  • A General Agent Architecture: AIXI
  • Defining Intelligence
  • The Quest for a Standard Reference Machine.
  • Reference Machines and Initial Complexity
  • Iterated Boolean Circuits
  • Outlook: Search in Circuit Space
  • Conclusions and Outlook
  • Algorithmic Accountability, Transparency, and Fairness
  • From Association Learning to Causal Learning
  • What Is Consciousness, and Could Machines Have It?
  • Multiple Meanings of Consciousness
  • Unconscious Processing (C0): Where Most of Our Intelligence Lies
  • Probing Unconscious Computations
  • Unconscious View-Invariance and Meaning Extraction in the Human Brain
  • Unconscious Control and Decision-Making
  • Unconscious Learning
  • Consciousness in the First Sense (C1): Global Availability of Relevant Information
  • The Need for Integration and Coordination
  • Consciousness as Access to an Internal Global Workspace
  • Relation Between Consciousness and Attention
  • Evidence for All-Or-None Selection in a Capacity-Limited System
  • Evidence for Integration and Broadcasting
  • Stability as a Feature of Consciousness
  • C1 Consciousness in Human and Nonhuman Animals
  • Consciousness in the Second Sense (C2): Self-Monitoring
  • A Probabilistic Sense of Confidence
  • Explicit Confidence in Prefrontal Cortex
  • Error Detection: Reflecting on One's Own Mistakes
  • Meta-Memory
  • Reality Monitoring
  • Foundations of C2 Consciousness in Infants
  • Dissociations Between C1 and C2
  • Synergies Between C1 and C2 Consciousness
  • Endowing Machines with C1 and C2
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Could a Robot Be Conscious? Some Lessons from Philosophy
  • Why There Could Not Be Any Conscious Robots
  • The Meaning of Existence
  • The Nature of Consciousness
  • Kinds of Possibility
  • Intelligent Robots?
  • The Human Context
  • Neo-Existentialism
  • Values and the Humanities
  • Concluding Remarks
  • Part II AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society: Work, Farming, Services, and Poverty.
  • Robotics and the Global Organisation of Production
  • Introduction
  • The Changing Location of Production
  • The Rapid Growth of GVCs in the 1990s and 2000s
  • The End of GVCs in the Future?
  • Reshoring Instead of Offshoring?
  • Growing Investment in Robotics
  • The Impact of Robotics on the Global Location of Production
  • Robotics and Offshoring
  • Robotics and Reshoring
  • Robotics and the Reallocation of Resources within MNEs
  • Conclusion and Policy Implications
  • Appendix 1: Empirical Strategies and Variable Descriptions
  • Robot Stock and Offshoring
  • Robot Stock and Backshoring
  • Robot Stock and Reallocation
  • AI/Robotics and the Poor
  • Introduction
  • A Framework of AI/Robotics Impacts on the Poor and Marginalized
  • A Framework
  • Opportunities of Data and Information Systems about Poverty
  • Education and Knowledge Links with AI/Robotics
  • Health Services for the Poor Facilitated by AI/Robotics
  • AI-Assisted Financial Services
  • AI and Social Transfers
  • AI/Robotics Effects for the Poor in Employment, Small Business, and Smallholder Farming
  • AI/Robotics Links to Voice and Empowerment
  • Policy Conclusions
  • Robotics and AI in Food Security and Innovation: Why They Matterand How to Harness Their Power
  • Challenge: The Great Balancing Act
  • What Is Happening: Robotic Farming
  • Mechanisms to Promote Development
  • Create Complements to Minimize the Risks
  • Why It Matters: Robotics in Agriculture
  • Robots Will Address Labor Shortage
  • Capital and Technologies Are Opportunities for Smallholders
  • Quantifying Robots' Impact on Poverty
  • Challenges
  • Robotics in the Classroom: Hopes or Threats?
  • Introduction
  • Emerging Needs, Hopes, and Threats
  • A Simple Case: Robots as Pedagogical Tools
  • Robot Teachers: A Diversity of Possible Roles?
  • Robots as a Full Substitute to Teachers
  • Robots as Companions for Learning.
  • Telepresence and Teaching
  • Robots in Special Education
  • Ethics and Teacher Substitutes
  • A Way for the Future: Computer-Aided Instruction
  • Conclusion
  • Humans Judged by Machines: The Rise of Artificial Intelligencein Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
  • Introduction
  • Incrementalist Fintech: The Problems of Predatory, Creepy, and Subordinating Inclusion
  • Fallacies of Futurist Fintech
  • Part III Robotics, AI, and Militarized Conflict
  • Designing Robots for the Battlefield: State of the Art
  • Introduction
  • AI-Robots Currently Used on the Battlefield
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
  • Unmanned Ground, Surface, and Underwater Vehicles
  • Integrated Air Defense Systems and Smart Weapons
  • Understanding AI and how It Enables Machine Autonomy
  • Elements of the PDATT Framework
  • Perceive
  • Decide
  • Act
  • Team
  • Trust
  • The Risks of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
  • Current Limitations of AI-Robots on the Battlefield and Associated Risks
  • Perception
  • Decision-Making, Reasoning, and Understanding Context
  • Action Selection, Self-Correction, and Ethical Self-Assessment
  • Teaming and Trust: Transparency in Human Interactions
  • Trust: Vulnerabilities to Cyber and Adversarial Attacks
  • The Future of AI-Robots on the Battlefield
  • What AI-Robots May Be Able to Do in the Near Future
  • Improving What We Already Have and Expanding Missions
  • Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous Jobs
  • Augmentation of Human Decision-Making
  • Replacing Human Decision-Making
  • Electronic Warfare
  • JHU/APL Research Toward AI-Robots for Trusted, Real-World Operations
  • Areas of AI-Robotics Research at JHU/APL
  • Safe Testing of Autonomy in Complex Interactive Environments
  • Self-Regulating AI
  • Explainable AI and Human-Machine Interactions
  • Ethical AI
  • Conclusions: The Future of AI for Battlefield Robotics
  • Competing Visions of the Future of AI-Robots.
  • Human Subservience to AI-Robots
  • Human Dominance over AI-Robots
  • Co-Evolution with AI-Robots
  • Applying AI on the Battlefield: The Ethical Debates
  • Introduction
  • Background Considerations
  • Principled Arguments for and against Battlefield Use of LAWS
  • Technical and Pragmatic Considerations
  • Virtue Ethics and Human-AI Interaction
  • AI Nuclear Winter or AI That Saves Humanity?AI and Nuclear Deterrence
  • Introduction
  • AI in Supporting Nuclear Decision-Making
  • Essence of Nuclear Deterrence and the Role of AI
  • Growing Questions over Rationality Assumption
  • Fog of AI War
  • AI as Black Box
  • AI and Changing Characters of Nuclear Deterrence
  • Impact on ISR
  • Challenges for Stably Controlling Nuclear Risks: Arms Control and Entanglement
  • Agenda for Nuclear Ethics in the AI Era
  • Ability to Set a Goal
  • Taking the Responsibility and Accountability Seriously
  • Conclusion
  • Part IV AI/Robot-Human Interactions: Regulatory and Ethical Implications
  • The AI and Robot Entity
  • Friendship Between Human Beings and AI Robots?
  • Introduction
  • Overcoming the Obstacles?
  • Normativity as a Barrier
  • Emotionality as a Barrier
  • The Ultimate Barrier: Consciousness
  • The Emergence of Friendship and Its Emergents
  • At the Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Levels
  • Conclusion
  • Robots and Rights: Reviewing Recent Positions in Legal Philosophyand Ethics
  • Introduction
  • Definitions and Brief Exposition of the Topic
  • The Classical Ontological Stance and the Recent "Relational Turn" in Animal, Robot and Machine Ethics: Mark Coeckelbergh's Analysis
  • The Juridical Perspective: The "Accountability Gap" Implying a "Responsibility Gap"
  • Recent Juridical Tendencies Towards Advocating Legal Personality for Robots
  • David J. Gunkel's "Robot Rights" (2018)
  • The EPSRC Paper on "Principles of Robotics".
  • Robots in the Japanese koseki System: Colin P.A. Jones's Family Law Approach to Robotic Identity and Soft-Law Based Robot Regulation.

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