Cover Image

Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options Using Nuclear and Related Techniques : Applications of Nuclear Techniques for GHGs.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Zaman, Mohammad.
Other Authors: Heng, Lee., Müller, Christoph.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • How to Cite the Book
  • Contents
  • Editors and Contributors
  • Acronyms and Abbreviations
  • List of Figures
  • List of Plates
  • List of Tables
  • 1 Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Impact of Ammonia on GHG Emissions
  • 1.3 Aim of the Book
  • References
  • 2 Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Chamber-Based Methods
  • 2.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Closed Chamber-Based Methods
  • 2.2.2 Principles and Applications of Chamber-Based Techniques for Gas Flux Measurement
  • 2.2.3 Gas Exchange Processes
  • 2.2.4 Chamber Types
  • 2.2.5 Chamber Design
  • 2.2.6 Chamber Operation, Accessories, Evacuation of Exetainers, and Gas Flux Measurement
  • 2.2.7 Gas Pooling to Address the Spatial Variability of Soil GHG Fluxes
  • 2.2.8 GHG Measurements in Paddy Rice System
  • 2.2.9 Analysis of GHG Samples on a Gas Chromatograph (GC)
  • 2.3 Methods to Quantify GHG Production in the Soil Profile
  • 2.4 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Gas Flux Measurement
  • 2.4.1 Field Gears and Equipment Needed for GHG Sampling
  • 2.4.2 Step-Wise Procedure (SOP) for GHG Measurements
  • 2.4.3 Gas and Soil Sampling
  • 2.4.4 Safety Measures for GHG Sampling
  • 2.5 Calculation of GHG Fluxes
  • 2.5.1 Overview
  • 2.5.2 Calibration
  • 2.5.3 Calculation of the Gas Concentration and Fluxes
  • 2.5.4 Conversion from Concentration to Mole
  • 2.5.5 Data Analysis
  • 2.6 Analysis of GHG Samples with Optical Gas Analysers
  • 2.7 Hands-On Approaches Using a CRDS Analyser
  • 2.7.1 Overview of the CRDS Techniques for Determining GHG Concentrations and Soil Fluxes
  • 2.7.2 Theory: Near-Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Fundamentals
  • 2.7.3 Operational Principle of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy.
  • 2.7.4 Minimum Detectable Flux (MDF)
  • 2.7.5 Selecting the Appropriate Flow Path
  • 2.7.6 In-Line Flow Path
  • 2.7.7 Parallel Flow Path
  • 2.7.8 Multiple Chambers
  • 2.7.9 Calibration
  • 2.7.10 Advanced Application Considerations: Filtration of Gas Samples
  • 2.7.11 Liquid Water and Water Vapour
  • 2.7.12 CRDS-Specific Considerations
  • 2.7.13 Datalogging and Flux Processing
  • 2.8 Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Greenhouse Gases
  • 2.8.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Gases
  • 2.8.2 Enhanced Raman Gas Spectroscopy
  • 2.8.3 Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Greenhouse Gases
  • 2.9 GHG Fluxes from Aquatic Systems
  • 2.9.1 Determining Dissolved N2O Concentrations
  • 2.9.2 Determining N2O Fluxes from a Water Body
  • 2.9.3 Determining Gas Transfer Velocity (K)
  • 2.9.4 Models for Determining N2O Fluxes from Water Bodies
  • 2.9.5 Other Factors to Consider
  • 2.9.6 Determining EF5
  • 2.10 Indirect GHG Emissions-Ammonia Emissions
  • 2.10.1 A Simple Low-Cost Chamber to Quantify NH3 Volatilisation
  • 2.11 Gas Production Processes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
  • References
  • 3 Automated Laboratory and Field Techniques to Determine Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 3.1 Automated Laboratory Techniques
  • 3.1.1 Technical Challenges
  • 3.1.2 System 1
  • 3.1.3 System 2
  • 3.2 Automated Chamber Systems for Field Measurements
  • 3.2.1 Field Techniques Using GC Systems
  • 3.2.2 Combination of Automatic Chamber System and CRDS Analyser for Field GHG Flux Measurements
  • References
  • 4 Micrometeorological Methods for Greenhouse Gas Measurement
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Flux-Gradient Method
  • 4.3 Aerodynamic Method
  • 4.4 Bowen Ratio (Energy Balance Method)
  • 4.5 Eddy Correlation Approach
  • 4.6 Alternative Micrometeorological Methods
  • 4.6.1 Eddy Accumulation
  • 4.6.2 Mass Balance Technique
  • 4.7 Non-isotopic Tracer Release and Measurement Methods
  • References.
  • 5 Direct and Indirect Effects of Soil Fauna, Fungi and Plants on Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
  • 5.1 Greenhouse Gases from Soil Fauna
  • 5.1.1 Introduction
  • 5.1.2 Overview of Fauna on GHG Emissions
  • 5.1.3 Field Methodology
  • 5.2 Greenhouse Gases from Fungi and Plants
  • 5.2.1 Methane (CH4)
  • 5.2.2 A Laboratory Approach to Study CH4 Production from Plants and Fungi
  • 5.2.3 Measuring Procedure
  • 5.3 Measuring Discrete Gas Samples with a Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer for CO2 and CH4 Concentration and Carbon Isotope Analysis
  • References
  • 6 Methane Production in Ruminant Animals
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Direct Measurements
  • 6.2.1 Enclosure Techniques
  • 6.3 Tracer Techniques
  • 6.3.1 Use of SF6 Bolus
  • 6.3.2 Tracer Ratio Method for Emission Measurements in Naturally Ventilated Housing
  • 6.3.3 Application of CH4: CO2 Ratio
  • 6.4 Micrometeorological Estimates
  • 6.4.1 Open-Path Lasers
  • 6.5 Short-Term Measurements
  • 6.5.1 Spot Sampling Using Lasers
  • 6.6 Indirect Methods
  • 6.6.1 Methane Emissions from Feed and Feed Characteristics
  • 6.6.2 Emissions from Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
  • 6.6.3 In Vitro Incubations
  • 6.6.4 Batch Systems
  • 6.7 Methane from Animal Wastes
  • 6.8 Storage and Analysis of Samples
  • 6.8.1 Storage of Samples
  • 6.8.2 Analysis of Samples
  • References
  • 7 Isotopic Techniques to Measure N2O, N2 and Their Sources
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 15N Gas Flux Method (15N GFM) to Identify N2O and N2 Fluxes from Denitrification
  • 7.2.1 Background
  • 7.2.2 Principles of the 15N Gas Flux Method
  • 7.2.3 Identifying the Formation of Hybrid N2 and/or N2O
  • 7.2.4 Analysis of N2 and N2O Isotopologues
  • 7.2.5 Detection Limit for ap and fp
  • 7.2.6 Limitations of the 15N Gas Flux Method (15N GFM)
  • 7.2.7 Evaluation of the 15N GFM
  • 7.2.8 Lab and Field Experiments
  • 7.2.9 Conclusions and Outlook.
  • 7.3 Isotopocule Techniques to Identify Pathway-Specific N2O Emissions
  • 7.3.1 Introduction
  • 7.3.2 Principles
  • 7.3.3 Analysis of N2O Isotopocules by IRMS
  • 7.3.4 Laser Spectroscopic Analysis of N2O Isotopomers to Differentiate Pathways
  • 7.3.5 Hands-on Approach to Use a CRDS Isotopic N2O Analyser
  • 7.3.6 Accuracy, Precision and Bias
  • 7.3.7 Examples of Laboratory Applications
  • 7.3.8 Examples of Field Applications
  • 7.3.9 Outlook
  • 7.4 Dual Isotope Method for Distinguishing Among Sources of N2O
  • 7.5 Quantification of Gross N Transformation Rates and Process Specific N2O Pathways via 15N Tracing
  • 7.5.1 Background
  • 7.5.2 Stable Isotope Tracing Technique
  • 7.5.3 Setup of Tracing Experiments
  • 7.5.4 Analyses of Experimental Data
  • 7.5.5 15N Tracing Model Analyses via Ntrace
  • 7.5.6 Parameter Optimisation with Ntrace
  • 7.5.7 Determination of N2O Pathways
  • 7.5.8 Source Partitioning to Quantify N2O Pathways
  • References
  • 8 Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.1 Introduction on Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.2 Climate-Smart Agricultural Technology to Reduce GHG Emissions
  • 8.2.1 Nitrogen Process Inhibitors and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.2.2 Soil Amendments and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.2.3 Fertiliser Type and Management and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.2.4 Cropping Systems and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
  • 8.3 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices and C Sequestration
  • 8.4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Estimating the C Footprint of Agro-Food Systems
  • 8.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Index.

Similar Items