Cover Image

Skills in Rheumatology.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Almoallim, Hani.
Other Authors: Cheikh, Mohamed.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Introduction
  • How to Use This Book?
  • Acknowledgement
  • Contents
  • About the Editors
  • Part I: Basics in Rheumatology
  • 1: History-Taking Skills in Rheumatology
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.1.1 Objectives
  • 1.2 Approach to History Taking in Rheumatology
  • 1.3 Historical Correlation
  • 1.4 Physical Examination
  • 1.5 How to Present your Case
  • 1.5.1 Impression
  • 1.5.2 Problem List
  • 1.6 Follow-Up Patient
  • 1.7 The 2011 ACR/EULAR Definitions of Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials
  • 1.7.1 Boolean-Based Definition [2]
  • 1.7.2 Index-Based Definition
  • References
  • 2: Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.1.1 Objectives
  • 2.2 Epidemiology of Rheumatic Diseases
  • 2.3 Current Status of MSK Examination
  • 2.4 General Approach to MSK Examination
  • 2.5 Musculoskeletal Examination of Upper Limb Joints (Fig. 2.1)
  • 2.5.1 The Hand and Wrist Joints
  • 2.5.1.1 First Step: The Anatomy
  • Anatomy of the Hand Joints (Fig. 2.1)
  • Approach to Hand Pain
  • 2.5.1.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of motion
  • Special tests
  • 2.5.2 The Elbow Joint
  • 2.5.2.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Figs. 2.7 and 2.8)
  • Approach to Elbow Pain
  • Differential Diagnosis
  • 2.5.2.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of Motion
  • Special Tests
  • Golfer's Elbow Test
  • Tennis Elbow Test
  • Elbow Flexion Test (Ulnar Nerve)
  • 2.5.3 The Shoulder Joint
  • 2.5.3.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.15)
  • Approach to Shoulder Pain
  • 2.5.3.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of Motion
  • Special Tests
  • For RCT
  • Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
  • Left off Test
  • Hawkins Impingement Sign
  • Drop Arm Test (Fig. 2.22)
  • For AC joint:.
  • 2.6 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Lower Limb Joints
  • 2.6.1 Ankle Joint
  • 2.6.1.1 First Step: The Anatomy
  • Approach to Ankle Pain
  • 2.6.1.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of Motion (Fig. 2.30)
  • Special Tests
  • 2.6.2 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Knee Joint
  • 2.6.2.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.35)
  • Approach to Knee Pain
  • 2.6.2.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of Motion
  • Special Tests
  • 2.6.3 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Hip Joint
  • 2.6.3.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.39)
  • Approach to Hip Pain
  • 2.6.3.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • Inspection
  • Screening Exam
  • Palpation
  • Range of Motion
  • Special Tests
  • 2.7 Back Examination
  • 2.7.1 First Step: The Anatomy
  • 2.7.2 Second Step: The Approach
  • 2.7.2.1 Inspection
  • 2.7.2.2 Screening/Gait Assessment
  • 2.7.2.3 Palpation
  • 2.7.2.4 Range of Motion
  • 2.7.2.5 Special Tests
  • Straight Leg Raising Test (SLRT) (Fig. 2.54)
  • Slump Test (Fig. 2.56)
  • Sacroilliac Joints Exam
  • Modified Schober's Test
  • Neurological Exam
  • References
  • 3: Laboratory Interpretation of Rheumatic Diseases
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.1.1 Objectives
  • 3.2 Acute Phase Reactants
  • 3.3 Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti-citrullinated Protein Antibody (ACPA)
  • 3.3.1 Definition
  • 3.4 Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs)
  • 3.4.1 Definition
  • 3.4.2 Methods of Measurement
  • 3.5 ANA Profile
  • 3.5.1 Definition
  • 3.6 Other Disease-Specific Antinuclear Antibodies and Cytoplasmic Antibodies
  • 3.7 Circulatory Complement Components
  • 3.7.1 Mechanism of Acquired Complement Deficiencies
  • 3.8 Synovial Fluid Analysis
  • 3.9 Key Notes
  • 3.9.1 Gram Stain
  • 3.9.2 Synovial Fluid Culture
  • 3.9.3 Diagnostic Approach.
  • 3.9.4 Crystal Search Using Polarized Light Microscopy
  • 3.10 Summary
  • References
  • 4: Pharmacotherapy in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Learning Objectives
  • 4.3 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
  • 4.4 Synthetic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (sDMARDs)
  • 4.4.1 Methotrexate
  • 4.4.2 Leflunomide
  • 4.4.3 Azathioprine
  • 4.4.4 Hydroxychloroquine
  • 4.4.5 Sulfasalazine
  • 4.4.6 Mycophenolate Mofetil
  • 4.4.7 Cyclophosphamide
  • 4.4.8 Tofacitinib
  • 4.4.9 Apremilast
  • 4.5 Biological Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (bDMARDs)
  • 4.5.1 TNF-α Blockers
  • 4.5.2 Rituximab
  • 4.5.3 Abatacept
  • 4.5.4 Tocilizumab
  • 4.5.5 Ustekinumab
  • 4.5.6 Secukinumab
  • 4.6 Glucocorticoids
  • 4.7 Anti-Resorptive Drugs
  • 4.7.1 Bisphosphonates
  • 4.7.2 Raloxifene
  • 4.7.3 Teriparatide
  • 4.7.4 Denosumab
  • 4.8 Drugs Used in Crystal Arthropathy
  • 4.8.1 Colchicine
  • 4.8.2 Allopurinol
  • 4.9 Symptom-Specific Drugs
  • References
  • 5: Radiology in Rheumatology
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Learning Objectives
  • 5.3 Infectious Arthritis
  • 5.3.1 Septic Arthritis
  • 5.3.1.1 Radiographs
  • 5.3.1.2 Ultrasonography
  • 5.3.1.3 CT Scan
  • 5.3.1.4 MRI
  • 5.3.1.5 Scintigraphy
  • 5.3.2 Tuberculous Arthritis
  • 5.3.2.1 Radiograph
  • 5.3.2.2 Ultrasonography
  • 5.3.2.3 CT Scan
  • 5.3.2.4 MRI
  • 5.3.3 Brucella Arthritis
  • 5.3.3.1 Radiograph
  • 5.3.3.2 Ultrasonography
  • 5.3.3.3 CT Scan
  • 5.3.3.4 MRI
  • 5.3.3.5 Scintigraphy
  • 5.4 Metabolic Arthritis
  • 5.4.1 Gouty Arthritis
  • 5.4.1.1 Radiographs
  • 5.4.1.2 Ultrasonography
  • 5.4.1.3 CT Scan
  • 5.4.1.4 MRI
  • 5.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dehydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease or Pseudogout
  • 5.4.2.1 Radiograph
  • 5.4.2.2 Ultrasonography
  • 5.4.2.3 CT Scan
  • 5.4.2.4 MRI
  • 5.4.2.5 Radiographs.
  • 5.4.2.6 Ultrasonography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • 5.5 Summary
  • 5.5.1 Active Inflammatory Findings
  • 5.5.2 Chronic Inflammatory Findings
  • References
  • Part II: Diagnostic Approach to Common Medical Problems in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases
  • 6: Low-Back Pain
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Learning Objectives
  • 6.3 Definition
  • 6.4 Prevalence
  • 6.5 Differential Diagnosis
  • 6.6 Approach to Diagnosis
  • 6.7 Radiological Studies for LBP
  • 6.8 Detection of Inflammatory Back Pain
  • 6.9 Treatment of Low-Back Pain (Acute or Sub-Acute Pain) [17, 18]
  • 6.10 Treatment of Inflammatory Back Pain (IBP)
  • 6.11 Referral
  • References
  • 7: Pulmonary Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Chapter Objectives
  • 7.3 About the Chapter
  • 7.4 To Get the Most of the Chapter
  • 7.5 Important Information about Pulmonary Manifestations of CTDs before Going through the Chapter
  • 7.6 Pulmonary Manifestations According to each CTD
  • 7.6.1 Systemic Sclerosis or Scleroderma (SSc)
  • 7.6.1.1 Parenchymal Lung Diseases
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • Aspiration Pneumonitis
  • 7.6.1.2 Vascular Diseases
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Screening
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • 7.6.1.3 Airway Disease
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Pleural Involvement
  • Pleural Effusion
  • Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  • Respiratory Muscle Weakness
  • 7.6.1.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Background
  • Pulmonary Manifestations
  • Pleural Diseases
  • Pleural Effusion
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • 7.6.1.5 Parenchymal Lung Disease
  • Acute Lupus Pneumonitis (ALP)
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.6.1.6 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH)
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.6.1.7 Chronic ILD.
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.6.1.8 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
  • Thromboembolic Disease
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.6.1.9 SLE-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SLE-PAH)
  • Background
  • Presentation
  • Screening
  • Treatment
  • Acute Reversible Hypoxia
  • 7.6.1.10 Airway Disease
  • Upper Airway Involvement
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Lower Airway Involvement
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO)/Obliterative Bronchiolitis (OB)
  • 7.6.1.11 Muscle Involvement
  • Shrinking Lung Syndrome (SLS)
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.6.1.12 Associated Lung Disorders
  • Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
  • Infectious Complications
  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Prophylaxis
  • Lung Cancer
  • Drug Reactions
  • 7.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
  • 7.7.1 Introduction
  • 7.7.1.1 Introduction
  • 7.7.1.2 Presentation
  • 7.7.1.3 Diagnosis
  • 7.7.1.4 Treatment
  • 7.7.1.5 Prognosis
  • 7.7.2 Pleural Diseases
  • 7.7.2.1 Pleural Effusion
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Complications
  • 7.7.3 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
  • 7.7.3.1 PAH
  • 7.7.3.2 DAH
  • 7.7.4 Airway Diseases: Upper Airway Diseases
  • 7.7.4.1 Cricoarytenoid Arthritis
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.7.4.2 Vocal Cord Rheumatoid Nodule
  • 7.7.5 Airway Diseases: Lower Airway Diseases
  • 7.7.5.1 Bronchiectasis
  • 7.7.6 Airway Obstruction and Bronchial Hyperreactivity
  • 7.7.6.1 Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO)
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • 7.7.6.2 Follicular Bronchiolitis
  • Introduction
  • Presentation
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis.
  • 7.7.7 Rheumatoid Nodule and its Complications: (Necrobiotic Nodule).

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