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Diversity and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns : An Integrative Approach.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Sekimura, Toshio.
Other Authors: Nijhout, H. Frederik.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2017.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Part I: The Nympalid Groundplan (NGP) and Diversification
  • Chapter 1: The Common Developmental Origin of Eyespots and Parafocal Elements and a New Model Mechanism for Color Pattern Form...
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Eyespots and Parafocal Elements
  • 1.3 Puzzling Results of Temperature Shock Experiments
  • 1.4 Models of Color Pattern Formation
  • 1.5 The Grass-Fire Model
  • 1.6 Basic Patterns
  • 1.7 Venous and Intervenous Patterns
  • 1.8 Simulation of Notch and Distal-Less Progression
  • 1.9 Shape of the Parafocal Elements
  • 1.10 Fusion and Separation of Ocelli and Parafocal Elements
  • 1.11 Modes of Pattern Evolution
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Exploring Color Pattern Diversification in Early Lineages of Satyrinae (Nymphalidae)
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Central Symmetry System Dislocations in Forewing and Hind Wing
  • 2.3 Variation in Ventral Hind Wing Ocelli
  • 2.4 The Color Band Between Elements f and g
  • 2.5 Sexual Dimorphism and Mimicry
  • 2.6 Transparency
  • 2.7 Concluding Remarks
  • Appendix: List of Examined Taxa
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Camouflage Variations on a Theme of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Morphological Foundations of the Nymphalid Ground Plan
  • 3.3 Evolutionary Path: Gradual Evolutionary Steps Toward Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
  • 3.4 Tinkering: The Flexible Building Logic of Leaf Vein-Like Patterns
  • 3.5 Modularity: Developmental Modules of the NGP and a Simple Cryptic Pattern
  • 3.6 Evolutionary Origin of De Novo Modules: Rewiring of the NGP Developmental Modules to Generate Functional Modules
  • 3.7 Next Research Programs
  • 3.7.1 Macroevolutionary Pathways Toward Camouflage Patterns
  • 3.7.2 Macro-evolvability of the NGP
  • 3.7.3 Body plan Character Map: Genetic and Developmental Architectures of the NGP.
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Morphological Evolution Repeatedly Caused by Mutations in Signaling Ligand Genes
  • 4.1 Gephebase: The Database of Genotype-Phenotype Variations
  • 4.2 Method: Construction of Gephebase and Identification of Signaling Genes
  • Box 4.1: Definitions
  • 4.3 A Few Select Genes for Body-Wide Switches in Melanin Production in Tetrapods
  • 4.4 cis-Regulatory Evolution Drives Regional Specific Color Shifts
  • 4.5 Recent Stickleback Fish Adaptations Repeatedly Recruited Ligand Alleles
  • 4.6 The Wnt Beneath My Wings
  • 4.7 Ligand Gene Modularity Allows Interspecific Differences
  • 4.8 How, When, and Why Ligand Genes Are Likely Drivers of Pattern Variation, or Not
  • 4.9 Synthesis: Variations of Morphological Relevance in Ligand-Coding Genes Are cis-Regulatory, Complex, and Multiallelic
  • 4.10 Conclusion
  • References
  • Part II: Eyespots and Evolution
  • Chapter 5: Physiology and Evolution of Wing Pattern Plasticity in Bicyclus Butterflies: A Critical Review of the Literature
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Eyespot Plasticity
  • 5.3 Evolution of Plasticity
  • 5.4 Plasticity Across Populations and Species
  • 5.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Spatial Variation in Boundary Conditions Can Govern Selection and Location of Eyespots in Butterfly Wings
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Modelling
  • 6.2.1 Setting
  • 6.2.2 Mathematical Model
  • 6.3 Computational Approximation
  • 6.4 Results
  • 6.4.1 Gradients in Source Strength on the Wing Veins Can Determine Eyespot Location in the Wing Cell
  • 6.4.2 A Surface Reaction-Diffusion System Model with Piecewise Constant Reaction Rate Generates Boundary Profiles and Resultin...
  • 6.5 Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Self-Similarity, Distortion Waves, and the Essence of Morphogenesis: A Generalized View of Color Pattern Formation ...
  • 7.1 Introduction.
  • 7.2 Self-Similarity in Plants and Animals
  • 7.3 Part I: Color Pattern Rules
  • 7.3.1 Symmetry in Butterfly Wing Color Patterns
  • 7.3.2 The Core-Paracore Rule and Self-Similarity Rule
  • 7.3.3 The Border Symmetry System and Its Self-Similarity
  • 7.3.4 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Binary Rule and Inside-Wide Rule
  • 7.3.5 Eyespot Pattern Rules: The Uncoupling Rule and Midline Rule
  • 7.4 Part II: Formal Models toward the Induction Model
  • 7.4.1 Four Steps for Color Pattern Formation as a Starting Frame
  • 7.4.2 Gradient Model for Positional Information
  • 7.4.3 Transient Models for TS-Type Modifications and Parafocal Elements
  • 7.4.4 Heterochronic Uncoupling Model for TS-Type Changes
  • 7.5 Part III: Induction Model
  • 7.5.1 An Overview
  • 7.5.2 Early and Late Stages
  • 7.5.3 Settlement Mechanisms
  • 7.5.4 Mechanisms for Self-Similarity
  • 7.5.5 Reality Check
  • 7.6 Part IV: Ploidy, Calcium Waves, and Physical Distortions
  • 7.6.1 Scale Size of Elements
  • 7.6.2 Ploidy Hypothesis
  • 7.6.3 Calcium Waves
  • 7.6.4 Physical Distortion Hypothesis
  • 7.6.5 Damage-Induced Ectopic Elements
  • 7.6.6 Focal Damage
  • 7.7 Part V: Generalization and Essence
  • 7.7.1 Reinforced Version of the Induction Model
  • 7.7.2 Generalization to Other Systems
  • 7.7.3 DCG Cycle for Self-Similarity and Its Implications
  • References
  • Part III: Developmental Genetics
  • Chapter 8: A Practical Guide to CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Published Examples of Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Lepidoptera
  • 8.3 Experimental Design
  • 8.4 Embryo Injection
  • 8.5 Interpreting Somatic Mosaics
  • 8.6 Genotyping
  • 8.7 Future Prospects
  • Appendix: A Detailed Example of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in the Painted Lady Butterfly V. cardui
  • Target Design
  • sgRNA Production
  • sgRNA Template Generation
  • In Vitro Transcription (IVT).
  • Cas9 Production
  • Egg Injection and Survivor Ratio Calculation
  • Genotyping for Modification
  • References
  • Chapter 9: What Can We Learn About Adaptation from the Wing Pattern Genetics of Heliconius Butterflies?
  • 9.1 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Red Locus Optix
  • 9.2 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Yellow Locus Cortex
  • 9.3 Phenotypic Effects of Major Loci: The Shape Locus WntA
  • 9.4 Phenotypic Effects of Other Loci
  • 9.5 Quantitative Analysis
  • 9.6 Non-genetic Effects and Plasticity
  • 9.7 A Distribution of Effect Sizes?
  • 9.8 Supergenes and Polymorphism
  • 9.9 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Molecular Mechanism and Evolutionary Process Underlying Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry in Papilio polytes
  • 10.1 Research Background
  • 10.2 Papilio Genome Projects Reveal the H Locus and Chromosomal Inversion Near dsx
  • 10.3 Linkage Mapping of the H Locus
  • 10.4 Detailed Structure of a Long Heterozygous Region Linked to the H Locus
  • 10.5 Dimorphic Dsx Structure Associated with the H and h Alleles
  • 10.6 Expression Profiles of Genes Around the Inverted Region of H Locus
  • 10.7 Functional Analysis of dsx
  • 10.8 Evolution of Female-Limited Batesian Mimicry
  • References
  • Part IV: Ecological Aspects and Adaptation
  • Chapter 11: Chemical Ecology of Poisonous Butterflies: Model or Mimic? A Paradox of Sexual Dimorphisms in Müllerian Mimicry
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.1.1 Tiger Danaus Mimicry Ring
  • 11.1.2 Idea Butterfly Mimicry Ring
  • 11.1.3 Red-Bodied Swallowtail Mimicry Ring
  • 11.2 Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 12: A Model for Population Dynamics of the Mimetic Butterfly Papilio polytes in Sakishima Islands, Japan (II)
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Field Records of Papilio polytes Observed in Sakishima Islands.
  • 12.2.1 Observation of Temporal Change in the Population of the Mimetic Female of P. polytes in Miyako-jima Island
  • 12.2.2 Variation in the Relative Abundance (RA) in Sakishima Islands
  • 12.3 Extended Mathematical Model for Population Dynamics of P. polytes
  • 12.3.1 Fundamental Facts on the Mimicry of P. polytes
  • 12.3.1.1 Difference in Predation Risk Between Two Forms f. polytes and f. cyrus
  • 12.3.1.2 Males Prefer the Non-mimic f. cyrus to the Mimic f. polytes?
  • 12.3.1.3 Physiological Life Span of Two Forms f. cyrus and f. polytes
  • 12.3.2 Mathematical Model of Three ODEs for Population Dynamics of P. polytes with Intraspecific Competition
  • 12.4 Mathematical Analysis of the System Equations and Computer Simulations
  • 12.4.1 Mathematical Analysis
  • 12.4.1.1 Case 1: r2&lt
  • r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
  • 12.4.1.2 Case 2: r2=r3 and beta2&gt
  • beta3
  • 12.4.1.3 Case 3: r2=r3 and beta2=beta3(=beta)
  • 12.5 Summary and Discussions
  • References
  • Chapter 13: Evolutionary Trends in Phenotypic Elements of Seasonal Forms of the Tribe Junoniini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Methods
  • 13.3 Results
  • 13.3.1 Variation by Pattern Element
  • 13.3.2 Variation by Wing Cell
  • 13.3.3 Seasonal Eyespot Variation by Clade
  • 13.3.4 Seasonal Forewing Apex Shape Change by Clade
  • 13.3.5 Shape Type and Shape Change
  • 13.3.6 Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 14: Estimating the Mating Success of Male Butterflies in the Field
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Materials and Methods
  • 14.2.1 Source of Animals Used
  • 14.2.2 Examination of Reproductive Tracts of Virgin and Mated Males
  • 14.2.3 Estimation of Recent Mating Success of Field-Caught Male
  • 14.2.4 Spectral Analyses of Iridescent Wing Areas
  • 14.3 Results
  • 14.3.1 Virgin Male Reproductive Tract
  • 14.3.2 Reproductive Tract of Males Immediately After Mating.
  • 14.3.3 Changes in the MaleÂś Reproductive Tract with Time Since Mating.

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