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Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Zaman, Mohammad.
Other Authors: Shahid, Shabbir A., Heng, Lee.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • About the Authors
  • Acronyms and Abbreviations
  • List of Figures
  • List of Plates
  • List of Tables
  • Chapter 1: Introduction to Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Diagnostics Techniques
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 What Is Soil Salinity?
  • 1.1.1 Units of Soil Salinity
  • 1.1.2 Why Total Soluble Salts Versus ECe Relationship Is Required?
  • 2 Causes of Soil Salinity
  • 3 Salinity Development in Soils - A Hypothetical Cycle
  • 4 Types of Soil Salinity
  • 4.1 Dryland Soil Salinity
  • 4.2 Secondary Soil Salinity
  • 5 Damage Caused by Soil Salinity
  • 6 Facts About Salinity and How It Affects Plant Growth
  • 7 Visual Indicators of Soil Salinity
  • 8 Field Assessment of Soil Salinity
  • 9 Soil Sodicity and Its Diagnostics
  • 9.1 Visual Indicators of Soil Sodicity
  • 9.2 Field Testing of Soil Sodicity
  • 9.3 Laboratory Assessment of Soil Sodicity
  • 10 Sodicity and Soil Structure
  • 10.1 Negative Effects of Surface Sealing
  • 10.2 Positive Effects of Surface Sealing
  • 11 Classification of Salt-Affected Soils
  • 11.1 US Salinity Laboratory Staff Classification
  • 11.1.1 Saline Soils
  • 11.1.2 Saline-Sodic Soils
  • 11.1.3 Sodic Soils
  • 11.1.4 Classes of Soil Salinity and Plant Growth
  • 11.2 FAO/UNESCO Classification
  • 11.2.1 Solonchaks (Saline)
  • 11.2.2 Solonetz (Sodic)
  • 12 Socioeconomic Impacts of Salinity
  • 13 Environmental Impacts of Salinity
  • 14 Soil Salinity Monitoring
  • 15 Soil Sampling Frequency and Zone
  • 16 Current Approaches of Salinity Diagnostics - Assessment, Mapping and Monitoring
  • 16.1 Salinity Assessment
  • 16.1.1 Routine Methods
  • 16.1.1.1 Saturated Soil Paste - Justification for Its Use
  • 16.1.1.2 Preparation of Saturated Soil Paste
  • 16.1.1.3 Collection of Soil Saturation Extract and EC Measurement
  • 16.2 Modern Methods of Soil Salinity Measurement.
  • 16.2.1 Salinity Probe
  • 16.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)
  • 16.2.3 Salinity Sensors and Data Logger
  • 16.2.3.1 System Installation and Operation - An Example
  • 16.2.3.2 Soil Salinity Monitoring
  • 16.3 Use of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) in Salinity Mapping and Monitoring
  • 16.4 Global Use of Remote Sensing in Salinity Mapping and Monitoring
  • 16.5 Geo-Statistics
  • 16.5.1 Kriging
  • 16.5.2 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation
  • 16.6 Morphological Methods
  • 16.6.1 Macromorphology
  • 16.6.2 Mesomorphology
  • 16.6.3 Micromorphology
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Soil Salinity: Historical Perspectives and a World Overview of the Problem
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Soil Salinity - A Historical and Contemporary Perspective
  • 3 An Overview of Salinity Problem
  • 4 Distribution of Salinity in Drylands in Different Continents of the World
  • 5 Irrigation Practices and Soil Salinization
  • 6 Regional Overview of Salinity Problem
  • 7 Extent of Soil Salinity in the Middle East
  • 8 Socioeconomic Aspects of Soil Salinization
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Salinity and Sodicity Adaptation and Mitigation Options
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Mitigation and Adaptation Options
  • 3 Diagnostics of the Soil Salinity Problem
  • 4 Integrated Soil Reclamation Program (ISRP)
  • 4.1 Objectives of Salinity Reclamation
  • 4.2 Prerequisite for Soil Reclamation
  • 4.3 Physical Methods of Soil Reclamation
  • 4.3.1 Leveling
  • 4.3.2 Subsoiling
  • 4.3.3 Sanding
  • 4.3.4 Scraping
  • 4.3.5 Seed Bed Preparation - Tillage
  • 4.4 Chemical Methods of Soil Reclamation
  • 4.4.1 Use of Gypsum to Reclaim Sodic Soil
  • 4.4.1.1 Determination of Gypsum Requirement
  • 4.4.1.2 How to Determine the Weight of One-Hectare Soil?
  • 4.4.1.3 Conversion of Gypsum Requirement - Lab Results to Field Application.
  • 4.4.1.4 A Comparison of Gypsum Requirement Between USSL Staff (1954) and Sandy Soils of United Arab Emirates
  • 4.4.1.5 Gypsum Requirement
  • 4.4.2 Use of Acids to Reclaim Calcareous-Sodic Soils
  • 4.4.3 Use of Elemental Sulfur to Reclaim Calcareous-Sodic Soils
  • 4.5 Hydrological Methods of Soil Reclamation
  • 4.5.1 Leaching
  • 4.5.1.1 Timing of Leaching Irrigation
  • 4.5.1.2 Leaching Requirement and Leaching Fraction
  • 4.5.1.3 Leaching Requirement for Surface Irrigation
  • 4.5.1.4 Leaching Requirement for Drip Irrigation System
  • 4.5.2 Flushing
  • 5 Drainage and Drainage Systems
  • 5.1 Agricultural Drainage Systems
  • 5.1.1 Surface Drainage - Natural Drainage
  • 5.1.2 Subsurface Drainage
  • 5.1.3 Tile Drainage System
  • 5.1.4 Mole Drainage System
  • 5.1.5 Vertical Drainage
  • 6 Salinity Control and Methods of Irrigation
  • 6.1 Surface Irrigation
  • 6.2 Basin Irrigation
  • 6.3 Furrow Irrigation
  • 6.4 Border Irrigation
  • 6.5 Sprinkler Irrigation
  • 6.6 Drip Irrigation
  • 7 Biological Methods of Soil Reclamation
  • 7.1 Use of Organic Amendments
  • 7.2 Biosaline Agriculture
  • 7.3 Screening Methods
  • 7.3.1 Screening in Greenhouse Using Hydroponics
  • 7.3.2 Screening in the Field
  • 8 Serial Biological Concentration (SBC) Concept
  • 9 Genetic Engineering (Developing Salt Tolerant Cultivars)
  • 10 Crop Yield Estimation Under Saline Conditions
  • 11 Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)
  • 11.1 What Is a Four Right (4R) Strategy?
  • 12 Conservation Agriculture (CA)
  • 13 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)
  • 14 Commercial Exploitation of Mineral Resources from Highly Saline Areas - The Neglected Resource
  • 15 Salinity Control Strategy
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Irrigation Systems and Zones of Salinity Development
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Sprinkler Irrigation
  • 3 Drip Irrigation
  • 3.1 Salinity Management When Using Drip Irrigation.
  • 3.2 Subsurface Drip Irrigation
  • 4 Furrow Irrigation
  • 5 Surge Irrigation
  • 6 Salinity and Sodicity Management in the Root-Zone
  • 6.1 Physical Methods
  • 6.2 Chemical Methods
  • 6.3 Hydrological Methods
  • 6.4 Agronomic Methods
  • 6.5 Biological Methods
  • 7 Relative Crop Salinity Tolerance Rating
  • 8 Soil Salinity and Relative Yield Reduction of Crops
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Irrigation Water Quality
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Quality of Irrigation Water
  • 2.1 Salinity Hazard
  • 2.1.1 Modified USSL Staff (1954) Water Salinity Classification
  • 2.2 Sodium Hazard
  • 2.3 Carbonates and Bicarbonates Concentration
  • 2.4 Specific Ion Effects (Toxic Elements)
  • 2.4.1 Sodium Toxicity
  • 2.4.2 Boron Toxicity
  • 2.4.3 Chloride Toxicity
  • 3 Classification of Irrigation Water
  • 4 Analysis of Irrigation Water
  • 4.1 Chemical Analyses
  • 4.1.1 EC and Total Salt Concentration
  • 4.1.2 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
  • 4.1.3 Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC)
  • 5 Conductivity Classes (USSL Staff 1954)
  • 5.1 Low Salinity Water (Salinity Class C1)
  • 5.2 Medium Salinity Water (Salinity Class C2)
  • 5.3 High Salinity Water (Salinity Class C3)
  • 5.4 Very High Salinity Water (Salinity Class C4)
  • 6 Sodicity Classes (USSL Staff 1954)
  • 6.1 Low Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S1)
  • 6.2 Medium Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S2)
  • 6.3 High Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S3)
  • 6.4 Very High Sodium Water (Sodicity Class S4)
  • 7 Improvement of Irrigation Water Quality
  • 7.1 Blending Water
  • 7.2 Blending Water to Achieve a Desired Salinity
  • 8 Water Sodicity Mitigation
  • 8.1 Gypsum Requirement Using the Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC) Concept
  • 8.2 Determining the SAR of Blended Water to Be Used for Irrigation
  • 9 Cyclic Use of Water
  • References
  • Chapter 6: The Role of Nuclear Techniques in Biosaline Agriculture
  • 1 Introduction.
  • 2 Background Information on Isotopes
  • 3 Use of Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques in Biosaline Agriculture
  • 4 The Use of Nitrogen-15 (15N) to Study Fertilizer Use Efficiency
  • 4.1 Setting Up Experimental Field Plots
  • 4.2 Calculation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)
  • 4.3 An Example for 15N-Labeled Urea Dilution
  • 5 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF)
  • 5.1 Estimating Legume BNF Using 15N Isotope Techniques
  • 5.2 15N Isotope Dilution Technique
  • 5.3 Calculation of the Amount of N Derived from BNF by 15N Isotope Dilution Technique
  • 5.4 15N Natural Abundance Technique
  • 5.5 Correction for N Derived from Seed
  • 6 Water Stable Isotope Technique to Determine Evapotranspiration Partitioning
  • 6.1 Determining δET Using the Keeling Mixing Model
  • 6.1.1 Theory
  • 6.1.2 Experimental Approach
  • 6.2 Determining δET Using the Craig-Gordon Model
  • 6.2.1 Theory
  • 6.2.2 Experimental Approach
  • 6.3 Determining δT via Direct Measurement at the Leaf
  • 6.3.1 Theory
  • 6.3.2 Experimental Approach
  • 7 Application of Other Isotopes
  • References.

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