Cover Image

Railway Ecology.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Borda-de-Água, Luís.
Other Authors: Barrientos, Rafael., Beja, Pedro., Pereira, Henrique Miguel.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Rationale and Purpose
  • Organization
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • Editors and Contributors
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • Review
  • 1 Railway Ecology
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • References
  • 2 Current Knowledge on Wildlife Mortality in Railways
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Mammal Mortality
  • The High Frequency of Collision with Ungulates
  • Train Accidents with Bears
  • The Case of Asian Elephants
  • What About the Collisions with Other Mammal Species?
  • Bird Mortality
  • Amphibian and Reptile Mortality
  • How Different Is Mortality in Railways and Roads?
  • Future Directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 3 Methods to Monitor and Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways
  • Abstract
  • Monitoring Wildlife Mortality in Railways: General Approaches
  • Why Is Monitoring Important?
  • Designing a Wildlife Mortality Monitoring Plan for Railways
  • Selecting the Target Species
  • Selecting the Spatio-Temporal Scale
  • Estimating the Number of Casualties on Railways
  • Review of the Methods Used on Wildlife Mortality Surveys
  • Standardization of Monitoring
  • How to Describe and Evaluate Hotspots of Mortality
  • Sources of Bias in Wildlife Mortality Estimates
  • How to Mitigate Wildlife Mortality in Railways?
  • Crossing Structures
  • Structures that Restrict Wildlife Access to Railways
  • Habitat and Wildlife Population Management
  • Reducing Train Speed
  • Collision and Electrocution in Overhead Wires
  • Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mortality Mitigation Measures
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 4 Railways as Barriers for Wildlife: Current Knowledge
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Barrier Effects
  • Physical and Behavioral Barriers
  • Disturbance
  • Mortality
  • Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
  • Methods to Estimate Barrier Effects
  • Direct Methods
  • Indirect Methods.
  • Effectiveness of Mitigation Measures
  • Avoiding Crossing
  • Habitat Management
  • Crossing Structures
  • Management Guidelines
  • Forecasting Impacts
  • Halting Construction
  • Wildlife Passes Combined with Funnelling Fencing
  • Identify Landscape Features Enhancing Connectivity
  • Monitoring of WTCs to Identify Hotspots
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 5 Aliens on the Move: Transportation Networks and Non-native Species
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Why Care about Invasive Species? An Overview of Their Global-Scale Relevance
  • Non-native Hitchhikers: Transportation Vehicles as Vectors of Stowaway Species
  • Verges as Habitat and Corridors for Non-native Species
  • Management of Non-native Species in Transportation Corridors
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 6 Railway Disturbances on Wildlife: Types, Effects, and Mitigation Measures
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Main Railway Disturbances: Noise and Vibration, and Air, Soil and Water Pollution
  • Noise and Vibration
  • Air Pollution and Emission
  • Soil Pollution
  • Water Pollution
  • Soil Erosion and Changes in Hydrology
  • Effects of Railway Disturbance on Wildlife
  • Insects
  • Herpetofauna
  • Birds
  • Mammals
  • Mitigation Measures to Reduce Railway Disturbances
  • Noise and Vibration
  • Soil Pollution
  • Soil Erosion
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Case Studies
  • 7 Bird Collisions in a Railway Crossing a Wetland of International Importance (Sado Estuary, Portugal)
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Bird Mortality
  • Bridge Crossing by Birds
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 8 Cross-scale Changes in Bird Behavior Around a High Speed Railway: From Landscape Occupation to Infrastructure Use and Collision Risk
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Study Area
  • Bird Occupation of Railway Surroundings.
  • Bird Use of Railway Structures
  • Bird Flight Over the Railway
  • Bird Behavior Towards Approaching Trains
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 9 Relative Risk and Variables Associated with Bear and Ungulate Mortalities Along a Railroad in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Study Area
  • Data Collected
  • Wildlife Strike Records
  • Relative Abundance Data
  • Railroad Design and Train Spill Grain Data
  • Data Analysis
  • Results
  • Strike Rates
  • Relative Abundance
  • Hotspots and Relative Risk
  • Variables Associated with Strikes
  • Elk
  • Deer
  • Bears
  • Discussion
  • Management Implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 10 Railways and Wildlife: A Case Study of Train-Elephant Collisions in Northern West Bengal, India
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Study Area
  • Data Collection
  • Data Analysis
  • Results
  • Elephant Distribution
  • Elephant Fatalities
  • Spatial Distribution of Collision Risk
  • Discussion
  • Management Implications
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 11 Assessing Bird Exclusion Effects in a Wetland Crossed by a Railway (Sado Estuary, Portugal)
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Wetland Bird Assemblages
  • Effects of Distance to Railway
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Annex
  • References
  • 12 Evaluating the Impacts of a New Railway on Shorebirds: A Case Study in Central Portugal (Aveiro Lagoon)
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Study Area
  • Study Design
  • Evaluating Effects on Breeding Shorebirds
  • Breeding Shorebird Abundance
  • Spatial Distribution of Black-Winged Stilt Nests
  • Black-Winged Stilt Nest Phenology and Breeding Success
  • Evaluating Effects on Wintering Shorebirds
  • Wintering Shorebird Abundance
  • Shorebird Spatial Distribution and Activity Within Saltpans
  • Results
  • Effects on Breeding Shorebirds.
  • Shorebird Abundances
  • Black-Winged Stilt Nest Spatial Distribution Within the Saltpans
  • Black-Winged Stilt Breeding Phenology and Success
  • Effects on Wintering Shorebirds
  • Shorebird Abundances
  • Spatial Distribution and Activity Within Saltpans
  • Discussion
  • Final Remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 13 Evaluating and Mitigating the Impact of a High-Speed Railway on Connectivity: A Case Study with an Amphibian Species in France
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Data Preparation
  • Study Area
  • Study Species
  • Landscape Data
  • Landscape Graph Construction
  • Landscape Graph Analysis
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 14 Habitat Fragmentation by Railways as a Barrier to Great Migrations of Ungulates in Mongolia
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Environments of Mongolia's Gobi-Steppe Ecosystem
  • Railways and Vulnerable Wild Animals in Mongolia
  • Movement Ecology of Mongolian Gazelles
  • Effects of the Ulaanbaatar-Beijing Railway on Wild Ungulates
  • Barrier Effect of the Existing Railway
  • Influences of the Barrier Effect on Wild Ungulates
  • Railway Development as a Threat to Wildlife
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 15 Railway Ecology-Experiences and Examples in the Czech Republic
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Railway Network in the Czech Republic
  • Railway Versus Road Infrastructure in the Czech Republic
  • Future Perspectives for Railway Infrastructure Development
  • Railway Ecology Experience in the Czech Republic
  • Good Practice and Recommendation for Future Action
  • Decision Making Process
  • Technical Measures
  • Management Measures
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 16 Ecological Roles of Railway Verges in Anthropogenic Landscapes: A Synthesis of Five Case Studies in Northern France
  • Abstract
  • Introduction.
  • General Context and Methodology
  • Roles of Railway Verges: Habitat, Corridor, Barrier
  • Railways as Habitats
  • Bats Along Railway Verges in an Intensive Agricultural Landscape
  • Orthoptera Along Railway Verges in an Urban Landscape
  • Railways as Corridors in an Urban Landscape (Longitudinal Connectivity)
  • Using Structural Breaks to Detect Functional Connectivity Along Railways
  • Using Urbanisation Effects to Detect Functional Connectivity Along Railways
  • What About Exotic and Invasive Species?
  • Railways as Barriers in an Agricultural Landscape (Transversal Connectivity)
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 17 Wildlife Deterrent Methods for Railways-An Experimental Study
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • Train Driver Survey
  • Collision Statistics
  • WTC Hotspots
  • Wildlife-Train Encounters
  • Ultimate and Proximate Causes of WTCs
  • Mitigation Project
  • Objectives
  • Approach
  • The Deterrent System
  • Complementary Studies
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 18 Commerce and Conservation in the Crown of the Continent
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Geographic Location
  • Land Ownership
  • Ecological Characteristics
  • Railroad Attributes
  • A Grizzly Problem Arises
  • Working Towards a Solution
  • An Avalanche of Problems
  • What Next?
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Conclusion
  • 19 What's Next? Railway Ecology in the 21st Century
  • Abstract
  • A Bright Look at the Future of Railways
  • Emerging Trends and Challenges
  • Railways Travel Towards Environmental Sustainability
  • Final Remarks
  • References
  • Glossary.

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