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High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Catalan, Jordi.
Other Authors: Ninot, Josep M., Aniz, M. Mercè.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Advances in Global Change Research Series
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Current Challenges of High Mountain Conservation
  • 1 The High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World
  • Abstract
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.1.1 Conservation in a Changing World
  • 1.1.2 Vulnerability, Exposure, and Sensitivity
  • 1.2 Mountain Exposure to Global Changes
  • 1.2.1 Climate Change
  • 1.2.2 Atmospheric Contaminants
  • 1.2.3 Long-Distance Atmospheric Fertilization
  • 1.2.4 Biotic Dispersal Enhancement
  • 1.3 Mountain Exposure to Regional Changes
  • 1.3.1 Pasture Shifting Systems
  • 1.3.2 Conservation Versus Extraction
  • 1.3.3 Tourism and Sport Pressures
  • 1.4 High Mountain Idiosyncratic Sensitivity
  • 1.4.1 Temperature Versus Water
  • 1.4.2 Persistence Versus Migration
  • 1.4.3 Regional Fingerprints
  • 1.5 Conservation Synergies and Challenges
  • 1.5.1 Conservation Versus Stewardship (Franciscans Vs. Benedictines)
  • 1.5.2 Loss of Uniqueness
  • 1.5.3 Functional Versus Phylogenetic Conservation
  • 1.5.4 Size Matters
  • 1.5.5 Local Contribution to Global Ecological Services
  • 1.5.6 Conservation Beyond Conservation
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 2 Trade-offs in High Mountain Conservation
  • Abstract
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Distinctive Features of Conservation in High Mountain Ecosystems
  • 2.3 Conservation, Vulnerability and Trade-offs
  • 2.4 Conservation Management of Exposure and Sensitivity in High Mountains
  • 2.5 Managing Conflicting Goals
  • 2.6 Complex/Interacting Controls of Trade-offs
  • 2.7 General Concluding Remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Developing a Historical Perspective of the High Mountain Social-Ecological System
  • 3 Molecular Biogeography of the High Mountain Systems of Europe: An Overview
  • Abstract
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Different Genetic Lineages Within High Mountain Systems
  • 3.3 Genetic Links Between High Mountain Systems.
  • 3.4 Arctic-Alpine Disjunction
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 4 The Beginning of High Mountain Occupations in the Pyrenees. Human Settlements and Mobility from 18,000 cal BC to 2000 cal BC
  • Abstract
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 The Start of Modern History: The Population of the Pyrenees in the Late Pleistocene and the First Half of the Holocene
  • 4.2.1 Human Presence in the Valleys in the Late Pleistocene
  • 4.2.2 Initial Occupation of the High Zones in the Early Holocene
  • 4.3 The Arrival of the Neolithic: The Pyrenees as Farming Land
  • 4.3.1 The First Neolithic Occupations in the Pyrenees
  • 4.3.2 Approaching the Heights in the Late Neolithic
  • 4.4 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 5 The Role of Environmental Geohistory in High-Mountain Landscape Conservation
  • Abstract
  • 5.1 Palaeoenvironment, Biodiversity and Protected Areas
  • 5.1.1 Baseline and Range of Natural Variability
  • 5.1.2 Thresholds and Ecological Resilience and Persistence
  • 5.1.3 Why Environmental Geohistory and Not Only Environmental History?
  • 5.2 Examples of Environmental Geohistory in the Pyrenees
  • 5.2.1 The Baseline and Range of Natural Variability of Abies Alba Mill
  • 5.2.2 Are Baseline and Range of Natural Variability Appropriate Concepts for Secondary Communities?
  • 5.2.3 How Should Open Spaces Cleared for Human Activities Be Managed When They Have a Semi-natural Function?
  • 5.2.4 From the Late Roman to the Medieval Age Was Born the Open Landscape: Threshold Forestry Without Turning Back?
  • 5.2.5 Local Environments Appear to Have no Resilience!
  • 5.3 Final Considerations
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 6 The Multiple Factors Explaining Decline in Mountain Forests: Historical Logging and Warming-Related Drought Stress is Causing Silver-Fir Dieback in the Aragón Pyrenees
  • Abstract
  • 6.1 Introduction.
  • 6.1.1 Geographical and Climatic Backgrounds
  • 6.1.2 Field Sampling
  • 6.1.3 Tree-Ring Data
  • 6.1.4 Climate-Growth Analyses
  • 6.2 Warmer Climate Conditions and the 1980s Peak in Water Deficit
  • 6.3 Structural Features of Silver-Fir Stands Presenting Dieback: Low Growth Rates
  • 6.4 Growth Trends of Silver Fir Indicate that Dieback is Predisposed by Past Logging
  • 6.5 Climate-Growth Associations: The Critical Role Played by Late-Summer Water Deficit
  • 6.6 Lessons for Forest Use and Conservation
  • References
  • Emerging Values in Mountain Conservation
  • 7 Towards a Microbial Conservation Perspective in High Mountain Lakes
  • Abstract
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 A Biodiversity Unit for the Microbial World
  • 7.3 A Natural History Perspective for Microorganisms in High Mountain Lakes
  • 7.3.1 Bacteria
  • 7.3.2 Archaea
  • 7.3.3 Protists and Fungi
  • 7.4 Towards a Microbial Conservation Perspective in High Mountain Lakes
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 8 Why Should We Preserve Fishless High Mountain Lakes?
  • Abstract
  • 8.1 Introduced Species, a Global Threat to Freshwater Ecosystems
  • 8.2 The Process of Species Introductions in the Alps
  • 8.3 The Process of Species Introductions in the Pyrenees
  • 8.3.1 Trout Introductions
  • 8.3.2 Collateral Introductions
  • 8.4 Ecological Consequences
  • 8.5 A Serious Problem for Conservation
  • 8.6 Conservation and Restoration, What Has Been Done so Far?
  • 8.6.1 Protection Measures
  • 8.6.2 Restoration Projects: Techniques Used and Successful Cases
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 9 Are Soil Carbon Stocks in Mountain Grasslands Compromised by Land-Use Changes?
  • Abstract
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Mountain Soils and Their C Stocks
  • 9.3 Factors Controlling Soil Organic C Stocks in Mountain Grasslands
  • 9.3.1 Bedrock Type
  • 9.3.2 Climate
  • 9.3.3 Plant Community Composition.
  • 9.4 Effects of Land-Use and Management Changes on Soil C Dynamics and Stocks
  • 9.4.1 Grazing Intensification
  • 9.4.2 Grazing Abandonment
  • 9.4.3 Soil C Stocks in Grazed and Ungrazed Mountain Grasslands
  • 9.4.4 Effects of Shrub Encroachment on Soil C Dynamics and Stocks
  • 9.4.4.1 Litter Inputs
  • 9.4.4.2 Microclimate
  • 9.4.4.3 Biochemical Quality and Microbial Activity
  • 9.4.4.4 Soil C Stocks in Shrub-Encroached Grasslands
  • 9.4.4.5 Shrubland Management and Soil C Stocks
  • 9.5 Conclusions and Further Research Needs
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 10 The Importance of Reintroducing Large Carnivores: The Brown Bear in the Pyrenees
  • Abstract
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 The Benefits of Large Predators
  • 10.3 Impacts on Preys
  • 10.4 Impact on Mesopredators
  • 10.5 Others Impacts on Ecosystems
  • 10.6 What Happens When Large Predators Disappear?
  • 10.7 The Situation of the Brown Bear, Wolf and European Lynx in the Pyrenees
  • 10.8 Problems Generated by the Presence of the Brown Bear and Wolf in Catalonia and the Pyrenees
  • 10.9 Damage to Livestock and Beehives
  • 10.10 Protective Measures Implemented in Catalonia
  • 10.11 Encounters Between Humans and Large Carnivores
  • 10.12 Potential Economic Benefits Generated by the Presence of Large Carnivores
  • 10.12.1 Hunting Tourism
  • 10.12.2 Nature Tourism
  • 10.13 Do the Pyrenees Have Enough Room and the Right Habitats for Large Predators?
  • 10.14 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Global Change and High Mountain Conservation
  • 11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
  • Abstract
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Environmental Variation in Elevation
  • 11.2.1 Temperature
  • 11.2.2 Atmospheric Pressure
  • 11.2.3 Precipitation
  • 11.2.4 Primary Productivity
  • 11.2.5 Biotic Interactions
  • 11.3 The Process of Life-History Evolution
  • 11.3.1 Mechanisms.
  • 11.3.2 Constraints
  • 11.3.3 Drivers
  • 11.4 Empirical Evidence in Animals
  • 11.4.1 Insects and Other Arthropods
  • 11.4.2 Fishes
  • 11.4.3 Amphibians
  • 11.4.4 Reptiles
  • 11.4.5 Birds
  • 11.4.6 Mammals
  • 11.5 Empirical Evidence in Plants
  • 11.5.1 Interspecific Variation
  • 11.5.2 Intraspecific Variation
  • 11.6 Discussion
  • 11.6.1 Current Patterns
  • 11.6.2 Evolutionary and Plastic Responses to Environmental Change
  • 11.6.3 Demographic Responses to Environmental Change
  • 11.6.4 Future Research
  • References
  • 12 Non-equilibrium in Alpine Plant Assemblages: Shifts in Europe's Summit Floras
  • Abstract
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Rapid Climate Change in Arctic and Alpine Areas
  • 12.3 Re-surveys of Historical Vegetation Records on Summits
  • 12.4 Extensive Monitoring of Recent Changes in Summit Plants
  • 12.5 Global Change, Not Only Climate Change: Snow Versus Temperature, Impacts of Nutrients, CO2 Concentration, Land Use, Grazing
  • 12.6 Alpine Plants on the Verge to Extinction or Safe in Cold Microhabitats?
  • 12.7 From Knowledge to Action? Towards Conservation of High Mountain Flora
  • References
  • 13 Changes in Climate, Snow and Water Resources in the Spanish Pyrenees: Observations and Projections in a Warming Climate
  • Abstract
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Study Area
  • 13.3 Data and Methods
  • 13.4 Climate Evolution
  • 13.5 Snow Observations
  • 13.6 Streamflow Changes
  • 13.7 Projections for a Warmer Climate
  • 13.8 Conclusions
  • References
  • 14 Atmospheric Chemical Loadings in the High Mountain: Current Forcing and Legacy Pollution
  • Abstract
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Surface Waters Acidification
  • 14.3 Trace Elements Pollution
  • 14.4 Effects of Airborne Nutrients on Ecosystems
  • 14.5 Some Reflections on Conservation
  • References.
  • 15 Importance of Long-Term Studies to Conservation Practice: The Case of the Bearded Vulture in the Pyrenees.

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