Cover Image

Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Giesy, John P.
Other Authors: Solomon, Keith R.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Series
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Special Foreword
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Ecological Risk Assessment of the Uses of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos, in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Uses and Properties of Chlorpyrifos
  • 3 Fate of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport
  • 4 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water
  • 5 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Aquatic Organisms
  • 6 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Birds
  • 7 Risks to Pollinators
  • References
  • Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Chlorpyrifos
  • 2.1 Properties Affecting Fate in Air and Long-Range Transport
  • 2.2 Properties Affecting Fate in Soil, Water, and Sediment
  • 3 Toxicity of CPY
  • 3.1 Mechanism of Action
  • 3.2 Interactions with Other Pesticides
  • 4 Use of Chlorpyrifos and Its Formulations
  • 4.1 Formulations of Chlorpyrifos
  • 4.2 Environmental Precautions
  • 4.3 Use of Chlorpyrifos in U.S. Field Crops
  • 4.4 Timing of the Use of Chlorpyrifos
  • 5 Summary
  • References
  • Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Fate in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport
  • 2.1 Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon
  • 2.2 Model of Long Range Transport and Characteristic Travel Distance
  • 2.3 Formation and Fate of Chlorpyrifos-Oxon
  • 2.4 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon
  • 3 Fate in Water
  • 4 Fate in Soils and Sediments
  • 5 Fate in Organisms
  • 6 Assessment of Chlorpyrifos as a POP or PBT
  • 7 Summary
  • References
  • Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Distribution of Use of Chlorpyrifos
  • 1.2 Environmental Fate Properties.
  • 2 Measurements of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments
  • 2.1 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water
  • 2.2 Chlorpyrifos in Sediment
  • 2.3 Chlorpyrifos Marine Monitoring Data
  • 2.4 Occurrence of Chlorpyrifos Oxon
  • 2.5 Exposures in Relation to Changes in Use-Pattern
  • 3 Modeling of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments
  • 3.1 Selection and Justification of the Models
  • 3.2 Chemical Input Parameter Values, Source, and Rationale
  • 3.3 Selection of Exposure Scenarios
  • 3.4 Watershed Scenarios
  • 4 Discussion
  • 5 Summary
  • References
  • Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Problem Formulation for Risk Assessment
  • 2.1 Exposures to Chlorpyrifos
  • 2.2 Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos
  • 2.2.1 Sublethal Effects on Aquatic Animals
  • 2.2.2 Toxicity of CPY and Temporality of Exposures
  • 2.3 Protection Goals and Assessment Endpoints
  • 2.4 Conceptual Models of Effects
  • 2.5 Analysis Plan
  • 3 Characterization of Effects
  • 3.1 Evaluation and Selection of Data
  • 3.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions
  • 3.3 Ecotoxicological Profiles by Taxon
  • 3.4 Evidence from Microcosms and Mesocosms
  • 3.5 Reports of Field Incidents in U.S. Surface Waters
  • 4 Characterization of Risks
  • 4.1 Risks from Measured Exposures
  • 4.2 Risks from Modeled Exposures to CPY
  • 5 Conclusions
  • 6 Summary
  • References
  • Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Problem Formulation
  • 2.1 Patterns of Use
  • 2.2 Formulations
  • 2.3 Metabolites of CPY in the Environment
  • 2.4 Routes of Exposure for Birds in Terrestrial Environments
  • 2.5 Toxicity and Mode of Action
  • 2.6 Conceptual Model
  • 2.7 Focal Species
  • 2.8 Exposure Scenarios
  • 2.9 Analysis Plan
  • 3 Exposure Assessment for Flowable Chlorpyrifos
  • 3.1 Rationale for Developing LiquidPARAM.
  • 3.2 Description of the Structure of the LiquidPARAM Model
  • 4 Exposure Assessment for Granular Chlorpyrifos
  • 5 Effects Assessment
  • 5.1 Acute Toxicity Studies
  • 5.2 Chronic Toxicity Studies
  • 5.3 Derivation of Effects Metrics
  • 5.4 Influence of Dietary Matrix on Acute Toxicity
  • 5.5 Chronic NOEL and LOEL
  • 6 Risk Characterization for Flowable Chlorpyrifos
  • 6.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Flowable CPY
  • 6.2 Modeled Chronic Risks from Flowable CPY
  • 6.3 Results of Field Studies for Flowable CPY
  • 6.4 Discussion of Avian Risks for Flowable CPY
  • 6.5 Strengths of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY
  • 6.6 Uncertainties of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY
  • 7 Risk Characterization for Granular Chlorpyrifos
  • 7.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Granular CPY
  • 7.2 Results of Field Studies for Granular CPY
  • 7.3 Strengths of the Refined Assessment for Granular CPY
  • 7.4 Uncertainties in the Refined Risk Assessment for Granular CPY
  • 8 Summary
  • References
  • Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Problem Formulation
  • 2.1 Use Patterns of Chlorpyrifos: Pollinator Considerations
  • 2.2 Scope of the Assessment
  • 2.3 Conceptual Model
  • 2.4 Endpoints
  • 2.5 Sources of Information
  • 2.6 Risk Assessment Approach
  • 3 Characterization of Exposures
  • 3.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties and Fate
  • 3.2 General Fate in Insects
  • 3.3 Tier-1 Characterizations of Exposure
  • 3.4 Tier-2 Characterization of Exposure
  • 3.5 Other Potential Routes of Exposure
  • 4 Toxicity of CPY to Pollinators
  • 4.1 Tier-1 Tests of Effects
  • 4.2 Tier-2 Tests of Effects
  • 4.3 Tier-3 Field Tests
  • 4.4 Other Studies on the Effects of CPY
  • 5 Characterization of Risk of CPY to Pollinators
  • 5.1 Estimates of Risk to Honey Bees
  • 5.2 Estimates of Risk to Non-Apis Pollinators.
  • 5.3 Strengths and Uncertainties
  • 6 Summary
  • References
  • Index.

Similar Items