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Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? : Looking over the Long Run.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Bértola, Luis.
Other Authors: Williamson, Jeffrey.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Prologue
  • A Contribution to Settle the Large Pending Issue of Latin America
  • Contents
  • Introduction
  • 1 The Origins of Latin American Inequality
  • 2 Part I: Looking Backwards for Explanations
  • 3 Part II: The Recent Inequality Downturn
  • References
  • Part I: Long-Run Trends
  • Functional Inequality in Latin America: News from the Twentieth Century
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Methodology
  • 2.1 The Top-Income Group
  • 3 Functional Inequality
  • 3.1 Comparison with Other Inequality Measures
  • 3.2 The Top-Income Group and the Rest
  • 3.3 Wage Inequality
  • 4 Regional Averages
  • 4.1 Dispersion and Trend Commonality
  • 5 Conclusions
  • 6 Appendix
  • References
  • The Political Economy of Income Inequality in Chile Since 1850
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Problem, the Approach, the Method, and the Data
  • 2.1 Inequality and Development in Chile
  • 2.2 A Political Economy Approach
  • 2.3 Estimates: Dynamic Social Tables
  • 3 A Brief History of Income Inequality in Chile
  • 3.1 Globalization and Institutions, 1850-1873
  • 3.2 Crisis, Frontier Expansion, and Foreign Investment, 1873-1903
  • 3.3 Zenith and Decay of the "Oligarchic Republic," 1903-1938
  • 3.4 Achievements and Pitfalls of the "Mesocratic Republic," 1938-1973
  • 3.5 The Legacy of Repression and the Debt of Democracy, 1973-2009
  • 4 Income Inequality in Chile: Past, Present, Future
  • References
  • Using Heights to Trace Living Standards and Inequality in Mexico Since 1850
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Sources and Methods
  • 3 Living Standards and Inequality from 1850 to 1950
  • 3.1 The Trend Analysis
  • 3.1.1 The Military Samples
  • 3.2 Passport Sample
  • 3.3 Women's Statures
  • 4 Living Standards and Inequality After 1950
  • 4.1 New Height Estimations and International Comparisons: 1951-1992
  • 5 Conclusion
  • References
  • Long-Run Human Development in Mexico: 1895-2010.
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Historical Background
  • 3 Methodology and Data
  • 3.1 Construction of the Education Index
  • 3.2 Construction of the Health Index
  • 3.3 Construction of the Income Index
  • 4 Results
  • 4.1 Consistency
  • 4.1.1 Main Results at National Level
  • 4.1.2 Convergence
  • 4.1.3 Regional Results
  • 5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Inequality, Institutions, and Long-Term Development: A Perspective from Brazilian Regions
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Brazilian Context
  • 2.1 Some History
  • 2.2 Political Aspects
  • 3 The Data24
  • 3.1 The Census of 1920
  • 3.2 Land Distribution and Political Concentration
  • 4 Quantitative Analysis
  • 4.1 Inequality and Long-Term Development
  • 4.2 Contemporary Outcomes
  • 4.3 De Facto Institutional Environments and Structural Change
  • 4.4 Inequality Yesterday and Inequality Today
  • 5 Conclusion
  • References
  • Historical Perspectives on Regional Income Inequality in Brazil, 1872-2000
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Geography and History
  • 3 Spatial Patterns of Growth, 1872-2000
  • 4 Secular Patterns of Convergence of Labor Productivity and Income Per Capita in Brazil, 1872-2000
  • 5 Factors Conditioning Convergence Patterns, 1920-2000
  • 6 Conclusions and Extensions
  • References
  • Racial Inequality in Brazil from Independence to the Present
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Conceptualizations of Race in Brazil
  • 3 Race and the Labor Force
  • 3.1 The Imperial Era
  • 3.2 The First Republic
  • 3.3 The Vargas Era, Second Republic, Military Rule, and Return to Democracy
  • 4 Trends in Racial Inequality from Abolition to the Present
  • 4.1 Life Expectancy
  • 4.2 Literacy
  • 4.3 Education
  • 4.4 Occupational Distribution
  • 4.5 Income
  • 5 Conclusion
  • References
  • The Expansion of Public Spending and Mass Education in Bolivia: Did the 1952 Revolution Represent a Permanent Shock?
  • 1 Introduction.
  • 2 Why Bolivian Politics Should Matter: A Historical Background
  • 3 The Puzzle: The Bolivian Paradoxical Equilibrium Between Low Taxation and Human Capital Investment
  • 4 The Evolution of Public Spending in Education: Was Bolivia a Special Case in the Latin American Context?
  • 5 Were the Educational Achievements Revolutionary?
  • 6 Conclusions
  • Bibliography
  • The Lingering Face of Gender Inequality in Latin America
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Theoretical Approach
  • 3 The Current Situation
  • 4 Data and Methodology
  • 5 The Evolution of Female Labour Force Participation and Education Achievement During the Twentieth Century
  • 6 Measuring Inequality and the Gender Wage Gap
  • 7 Explaining the Gender Wage Gap
  • 8 Conclusion
  • Appendix 1: Gender Inequality
  • Appendix 2: Gender Inequality in High Income Level and Tertiary Education Population
  • Appendix 3: Distribution of the Population with Tertiary Education According to Income
  • References
  • Fiscal Redistribution in Latin America Since the Nineteenth Century
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Strategies for Tracing a History of Fiscal Incidence
  • 2.1 Redistribution Through Each Year's Social Spending and Taxes
  • 2.2 Non-social Expenditures and the Deficit: Investment and Redistribution Over Time
  • 3 Today's Redistributive Patterns in Latin America
  • 3.1 Low Investment in Future Generations
  • 3.2 New Light on the Social Expenditure Side: Today's Redistribution to Rich and Poor
  • 4 How Did This Happen?
  • 4.1 The Evolution of Fiscal Mixes Since the Nineteenth Century
  • 4.1.1 Chile Since 1842
  • 4.1.2 Argentina Since World War II
  • 4.1.3 Uruguay, the Social Spending Leader Over the Last 100 Years
  • 4.1.4 Colombia-Half Progressive, Half Regressive
  • 4.1.5 Costa Rica Since the 1940s
  • 4.1.6 Peru Since the 1940s
  • 5 Summary: What the Emerging Historical Patterns Suggest.
  • Appendix 1: Data Sources and Notes for Table 4 and Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7
  • References
  • Part II: The Recent Inequality Downturn
  • Inequality in Latin America: ECLAC's Perspective
  • 1 Recent Evolution of Income Inequality in Latin America
  • 2 Inequality and Labour Market Institutions
  • 2.1 Inequality and Minimum Wage
  • 2.2 Inequality and Formality
  • 3 Gender and Inequality
  • 3.1 Participation, Employment, and Unemployment
  • 3.2 Labour Income of Women and Men
  • 3.3 Women's Labour Income and Its Effects on Inequality and Poverty
  • 3.3.1 Closing the Participation Gap
  • 3.3.2 Closing the Income Gap
  • 4 Final Remarks
  • Annex (see Table A.1)
  • References
  • The Inequality Story in Latin America and the Caribbean: Searching for an Explanation
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Stylized Facts
  • 2.1 Falling Income Inequality: A Break with Recent History
  • 2.2 The Role of Labor Income Versus Redistributive Policies
  • 2.3 Decline in the Skill Premium: A Primary Driver of the Fall in Earnings Inequality
  • 3 Why Did the Skill Premium Decrease?
  • 3.1 Supply-Side Factors: Rising Numbers of More Educated Workers
  • 3.2 Demand-Side Factors: Labor Demand Shifts
  • 4 Conclusion
  • References
  • The Political Economy of Inequality at the Top in Contemporary Chile
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Income Inequality and Top Incomes in Latin America
  • 2.1 Chile as a Good Example of the Regional Trend
  • 3 Top Incomes and the Political Economy of Redistribution
  • 4 The Pinochet Years: A "Successful" Redistribution Towards the Top
  • 5 Chile Since 1990: Why No More Advances?
  • 5.1 The Capital Share and Market Concentration
  • 5.2 Structural Heterogeneity and Production Policies
  • 5.3 Trade Unions and the Influence of Labor
  • 5.4 More Advances in Tax and Social Policies?
  • 6 Conclusion
  • References.
  • Structural Change and the Fall of Income Inequality in Latin America: Agricultural Development, Inter-sectoral Duality, and the Kuznets Curve
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Commodity Export Booms, Land Inequality, and Development in Latin America
  • 3 Agricultural Productivity and the Kuznets Curve
  • 4 Data and Methods
  • 5 Results
  • 6 Conclusions
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Fiscal Policy and Inequality in Latin America, 1960-2012
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Inequality and Fiscal Policy in Twentieth-Century Latin America: A Background
  • 2.1 Income Inequality in Latin America: A Contemporary Debate
  • 2.2 Fiscal Policy and Income Distribution in Latin America
  • 3 Data and Methodology
  • 4 Results
  • 5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Challenges for Social Policy in a Less Favorable Macroeconomic Context
  • 1 Improve Efficiency with a Focus on Quality
  • 1.1 Health
  • 1.2 Social Protection: Conditional Cash Transfer Programs
  • 1.3 Training
  • 1.4 Education
  • 2 Promote Income Stability and Protection Without Distorting Workers' Incentives
  • 2.1 Improve Protection for Job Loss
  • 2.2 Reduce Labor Taxes to Promote Formal Sector Jobs
  • 2.3 Promote Female Labor Force Participation
  • 3 Exercise Caution with Respect to Creating Potentially Costly and Irreversible Commitments
  • 3.1 Minimum Wage Policies
  • 3.2 Adjustment Mechanisms and Levels for Noncontributory Pensions
  • References.

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