Table of Contents: Marine Anthropogenic Litter.

Marine Anthropogenic Litter.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Bergmann, Melanie.
Other Authors:	Gutow, Lars., Klages, Michael.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2015.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 A Brief History of Marine Litter Research
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Seabirds and Seals-The First Signs of Trouble
1.3 The Early 1970s-Pellets and Other Problems in the North Atlantic
1.4 Shifting Focus to the North Pacific Ocean
1.5 Into the Southern Hemisphere
1.6 Aloha-The Marine Debris Conferences
1.7 Mitigation Measures and Long-Term Changes in Marine Litter
1.8 Plastic Degradation and the Microplastic Boom
1.9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Part I Abiotic Aspects of Marine Litter Pollution
2 Global Distribution, Composition and Abundance of Marine Litter
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Composition
2.3 Distribution
2.3.1 Beaches
2.3.2 Floating Marine Debris
2.3.3 Seafloor
2.3.4 Microplastics
2.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
3 Persistence of Plastic Litter in the Oceans
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Buoyancy and Sampling Errors
3.3 Fate of Plastics Entering the Oceans
3.3.1 Photo-Oxidative Degradation
3.3.2 Mechanisms of Photo-Oxidation
3.3.3 Weathering Under Marine Conditions
3.4 Microplastics in the Oceans
3.5 Conclusions
References
Part II Biological Implications of Marine Litter
4 Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Entanglement
4.2.1 Ways of Entanglement
4.2.2 Effects of Entanglement
4.3 Smothering
4.4 Ingestion of Plastic
4.4.1 Ways of Plastic Ingestion
4.4.1.1 Intentional Ingestion
Foraging Strategy
Color
Age
Sex
4.4.1.2 Accidental and Secondary Ingestion
4.4.2 Impacts of Plastic Ingestion
4.4.2.1 Direct Mortality Caused by Plastic Ingestion
4.4.3 Indirect Physical Effects of Plastic Ingestion
4.4.3.1 Chemical Effects from Plastic Ingestion.
4.4.3.2 Chain of Impacts Related to Plastic Ingestion
4.4.4 Impacts from Species Dispersal
4.5 Discussion
References
5 The Complex Mixture, Fate and Toxicity of Chemicals Associated with Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Plastic Marine Debris: A Complex Mixture of Chemicals
5.1.2 Plastics and Their Chemical Ingredients
5.1.3 The Accumulation of Chemicals on Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment
5.1.3.1 Spatial Variability
5.1.3.2 Variability by Plastic Type and Size
5.1.4 Plastic Debris, Environmental Chemical Contaminants and Environmental Fate
5.1.5 Plastic Debris as a Sink for Environmental Contaminants
5.1.5.1 Process of Accumulation
5.1.5.2 Rate of Accumulation
5.1.5.3 Comparisons with Other Environmental Media
5.1.6 Plastic Debris as a Source of Environmental Contaminants
5.1.7 Global Transport
5.1.7.1 Food Web Transport
5.2 Toxicity of Plastic Debris to Marine Life
5.2.1 Hazards Associated with Plastic Ingredients
5.2.2 Hazards Associated with the Complex Mixture of Plastic and Sorbed Pollutants
5.3 Conclusion
References
6 Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Floating Litter as a Habitat
6.3 Composition of Rafting Assemblages on Floating Litter
6.3.1 Taxonomic Overview
6.3.2 Biological Traits of Rafting Invertebrates on Floating Litter
6.3.2.1 Mobility
6.3.2.2 Feeding Biology
6.3.2.3 Reproductive Traits
6.3.3 Other Species Attracted to Marine Litter
6.3.4 Succession of the Rafting Community
6.4 Floating Litter as Dispersal Vector
6.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Part III Microplastics
7 Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Consequences and Solutions
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Definitions of Microplastics.
7.3 Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Abundance of Microplastics
7.4 Anticipated Future Trends
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics-A Critical Appraisal
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sampling for Microplastics
8.2.1 Water Samples
8.2.2 Sediment Samples
8.2.2.1 Beaches
8.2.2.2 Subtidal Sediments
8.2.3 Biota
8.3 Laboratory Preparation of Samples
8.3.1 Extraction of Microplastics
8.3.2 Size Fractionation
8.3.3 Sample Purification
8.4 Identification of Microplastics
8.4.1 Visual Identification
8.4.2 Identification of Microplastics by Their Chemical Composition
8.4.2.1 Density Separation with Subsequent C:H:N Analysis
8.4.2.2 Pyrolysis-GCMS
8.4.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy
8.4.2.4 IR Spectroscopy
8.5 Case Study
8.5.1 Materials and Methods
8.5.1.1 Sediment Sampling
8.5.1.2 Extraction of Microplastics
8.5.1.3 Visual Quantification of Microplastics
8.5.1.4 FPA-based Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy
8.5.2 Results
8.5.2.1 FPA-based Micro-FTIR Analysis of Pre-extracted Particles in Sediment Samples
8.5.2.2 Granular Particles
8.5.2.3 Fragments and Fibres
8.5.3 Summary
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Sources and Pathways of Microplastics to Habitats
Abstract
9.1 Defining Sources and Pathways of Microplastic
9.2 Larger Plastic Litter
9.3 Cleaning Products
9.4 Medicines
9.5 Textiles
9.6 Outlook and Conclusion
References
10 Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Distribution, Interactions and Effects
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Global Distribution of Microplastics in the Sea
10.2.1 Microplastics in the Pacific Ocean
10.2.2 Microplastics in the Atlantic Ocean
10.2.3 Microplastics in European Seas and the Mediterranean Sea.
10.2.4 Microplastics in the Indian Ocean and Marginal Seas
10.2.5 Microplastics in Polar Regions
10.2.6 Modelling the Distribution of Microplastics
10.2.7 Summary
10.3 Interactions of Microplastics with Marine Organisms
10.3.1 Ingestion
10.3.1.1 Planktonic Invertebrates
10.3.1.2 Benthic Invertebrates
10.3.1.3 Fish
10.3.1.4 Sea Birds
10.3.1.5 Marine Mammals
10.3.1.6 Sea Turtles
10.3.2 Trophic Transfer
10.3.3 Microplastic Effect on Habitats
10.3.4 Summary
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Modeling the Role of Microplastics in Bioaccumulation of Organic Chemicals to Marine Aquatic Organisms. A Critical Review
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Models to Assess the Importance of Microplastic Ingestion
11.2.1 Equilibrium Partitioning
11.2.2 Decomposition and Disintegration
11.2.3 Bioaccumulation
11.3 Model-Based Assessment of Implications and Risks of Plastic-Associated Chemicals
11.4 Summarizing Discussion and Recommendations
References
12 Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment. Critical Review
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources, Detection and Occurrence of Nanoplastic
12.2.1 Sources of Nanoplastic
12.2.2 Detection and Occurrence of Nanoplastic
12.3 Fate of Nanoplastic
12.4 Bioaccumulation and Effects
12.4.1 Bioaccumulation and Effects of Nanoplastics
12.4.2 Implications of Chemicals and Nanofillers Associated with Nanoplastics
12.5 Specific Challenges in Nanoplastic Effect Research
12.6 Implications and Recommendations
References
Part IV Socio-economic Implications of Marine Anthropogenic Litter
13 Micro- and Nano-plastics and Human Health
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 What Kinds of Plastics Are in Use?
13.3 Plastics and Human Health
13.4 Micro- and Nanoplastics.
13.4.1 Occurrence of Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment
13.4.2 Micro- and Nanoplastics and Human Health
13.4.3 Ingestion of Micro- and Nanoplastics and Uptake Across the Gut
13.4.4 Interaction of Microspheres and Nanoparticles with Cells and Tissues
13.4.5 Interactions with Biological Materials and Cells
13.5 Assessing the Risks that Micro- and Nanoplastics Pose to Human Health
13.5.1 Leaching of Toxic Chemicals from Plastics
13.5.2 Bisphenol a and Human Health
13.5.3 Safer Alternatives to BPA
13.5.4 Novel Polymer Formulations
13.5.5 Nanopolymers and Nanofillers
13.6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
14 The Economics of Marine Litter
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Estimating the Economic Impacts of Marine Litter
14.2.1 Beach Cleaning, Tourism and Recreation
14.2.2 Shipping and Yachting
14.2.3 Fisheries
14.2.4 Aquaculture
14.2.5 Agriculture
14.2.6 Human Health
14.2.7 Summary
14.3 Marine Litter and Economic Incentives
14.3.1 Landfill TaxesLevies
14.3.2 Plastic Bag Initiatives
14.3.3 Packaging Producer Responsibility in the EU
14.3.4 Charges for Port Reception Facilities
14.4 Choosing Economic Instruments
14.5 Conclusions
References
15 Regulation and Management of Marine Litter
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Instruments of Marine Litter at International, Regional and National Levels
15.2.1 General Mechanisms of Instruments
15.2.2 Examples of Instruments on Marine Litter
15.2.2.1 International Instruments
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Annex V of MARPOL 7378
London Protocol
Action Plan on Tackling the Inadequacy of PRFs
UNEP Regional Sea Programme
UNEPIOC Guidelines on Surveying and Monitoring of Marine Litter
UNEP Guidelines on the Use of Market-Based and Economic Instruments.
UNEPFAO Abandoned, Lost or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear.

Marine Anthropogenic Litter.

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