Table of Contents: The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks.

The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Walters, Michele.
Other Authors:	Scholes, Robert J.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Working in Networks to Make Biodiversity Data More Available
Abstract
1.1 Observing Biodiversity
1.2 Working Together Makes Sense
1.3 Networks as an Organisational Structure
1.4 Managing Networks
1.5 Guiding the Enterprise
1.6 Working Backwards to Move Forwards
1.7 The Purpose, Structure and Content of This Volume
References
2 Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Observations: Why, Where, What and How?
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Variables
2.3 Where to Measure Ecosystem Variables
2.4 How to Measure Ecosystem Variables
2.4.1 Sensor Networks
2.4.2 In Situ Mapping
2.4.3 Remote Sensing
2.4.3.1 Ecosystem Extent and Distribution
2.4.3.2 Phenology
2.4.3.3 Connectivity and Fragmentation
2.5 Relating RS and in Situ Observations: LCCS and GHC
References
3 Ecosystem Services
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
3.3 Key Ecosystem Service Concepts
3.4 Monitoring Ecosystem Services
3.5 National Statistics
3.6 Remote Sensing
3.7 Field-Based Estimations
3.8 Community Monitoring of Ecosystem Services
3.9 Models
3.10 Current Tools to Monitor Ecosystem Services
3.11 Provisioning Services
3.12 Regulating Services
3.13 Cultural Services
3.14 Observing Multiple Ecosystem Services
3.15 Using Scenarios in Modelling to Predict Future Ecosystem Services
3.16 Linking Ecosystem Service Observations to Decision-Making
3.17 Creating a Network for Observing and Managing Ecosystem Services
3.18 Monitoring to Support Policy Design
3.19 Conclusions
References
4 Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables at the Species Level
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Defining the Scope of the Monitoring Program.
4.2.1 Surveillance and Targeted Monitoring
4.2.2 Choosing Which Variables, Taxa and Metrics to Monitor
4.2.3 Choosing a Spatial Sampling Scheme
4.3 Taxon-Specific and Driver-Specific Examples
4.3.1 Mammals
4.3.2 Amphibians
4.3.3 Butterflies
4.3.4 Plants
4.3.5 Monitoring Diseases
4.4 From Species Monitoring to Ecosystem Services
4.5 Scaling from Local Observations to the Global Monitoring of Biodiversity Change
References
5 Monitoring Changes in Genetic Diversity
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief Overview of Developments in the Monitoring of Genetic Diversity
5.3 Spatio-Temporal Considerations in Genetic Monitoring
5.4 What to Monitor?
5.4.1 Domesticated Species
5.4.2 Socioeconomically (and Ecologically) Important Species
5.4.3 Monitoring Genetic Diversity in Culturally Valued Species
5.5 Proxies for Reporting Changes in Genetic Diversity
References
6 Methods for the Study of Marine Biodiversity
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sampling Methods
6.2.1 Bottom Trawl Surveys
6.2.2 Light Traps
6.2.3 Artificial Substrata
6.2.4 Microfossils
6.2.5 Molecular Observations of Microbial Communities
6.3 Case Studies
6.3.1 The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)
6.3.2 Tropical Coral Reefs
6.3.3 The Reef Life Survey (RLS)
6.3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)
6.4 Data Management
6.4.1 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
6.4.2 Marine Regions
6.4.3 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS)
6.4.4 Time-Series Data Availability
6.4.5 Global Marine Environment Datasets (GMED)
6.5 Data Analysis
6.6 Discussion
References
7 Observations of Inland Water Biodiversity: Progress, Needs and Priorities
Abstract
7.1 Freshwater Biodiversity Observation
7.1.1 What Is Freshwater Biodiversity?.
7.1.2 The Need for Special Attention to Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
7.1.3 Freshwater Biodiversity Observations and Global Targets
7.1.4 Access and Management of Freshwater Biodiversity Data
7.1.5 Improving Our Ability to Track Changes Through Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
7.2 Observations on Components of Freshwater Biodiversity
7.2.1 The Spatial Context for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
7.2.2 Genetic Composition of Freshwater Biodiversity
7.2.3 Observations of Freshwater Species
7.2.4 Observations of Freshwater Species Traits
7.2.5 Observations of the Composition of Freshwater Communities
7.2.6 Observations of the Structure of Freshwater Ecosystems
7.2.7 Observations of Freshwater Ecosystem Functioning
7.3 Use of Freshwater Biodiversity Data in Decision-Making
7.4 Future Directions for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
7.4.1 A Global Wetlands Observing System (GWOS)
7.4.2 Citizen Science in Freshwater Biodiversity Observations
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Remote Sensing for Biodiversity
Abstract
8.1 Remote Sensing
8.1.1 How Remote Sensing Works
8.1.2 Combining Remote Sensing with in situ Observations
8.1.3 Detecting Change
8.2 Terrestrial
8.2.1 Ecosystems
8.2.1.1 Ecosystem Structure and Composition
8.2.1.2 Ecosystem Function
8.2.1.3 Ecosystem Change
8.2.1.4 Ecosystem Services
8.2.2 Species
8.2.2.1 Mapping Where Species Live
8.2.2.2 Plant Functional Types
8.2.2.3 Generating Biodiversity Indices
8.2.3 Genes
8.3 Marine
8.3.1 Habitat Extent
8.3.2 Habitat Condition
8.3.3 Detecting Change and Issues of Scale
8.4 Freshwater
8.4.1 Considerations for Remote Sensing of Freshwater Biodiversity
8.4.1.1 Observing Small Systems from Space: Considering Spatial Scale.
8.4.1.2 Observing Dynamic Systems: Considering Observation Extent and Frequency
8.4.2 Approaches for Observing Biodiversity Drivers
8.4.2.1 Ecosystems
Habitat Function and Structure
Biophysical/Hydrological Characteristics
Vegetation Community Detection
8.4.2.2 Species and Ecosystem Services
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Involving Citizen Scientists in Biodiversity Observation
Abstract
9.1 Citizen Science
9.2 Citizen Science and Biodiversity Observation Networks (BONs)
9.2.1 Monitoring Biodiversity Over Large Spatial and Temporal Scales
9.2.2 Mapping Species Location and Abundance
9.2.3 Timing of Nature's Events
9.2.4 Early Detection and Mapping of Pests and Invasive Species
9.2.5 Desk Assessment and Field Validation of Imagery
9.2.6 Linking Citizen Science and Large Scale Biodiversity Monitoring Databases
9.3 Enhancing Data Reliability and Reuse
9.3.1 Data Quality and Control
9.3.2 Data Sharing and Standards
9.4 Recruiting, Motivating and Retaining Participants
9.5 New Tools and Technologies
9.5.1 Websites and Portals
9.5.2 Mobile Devices
9.5.3 Sensors
9.5.4 Camera Traps
9.5.5 Social Media and Social Networking
9.5.6 Gaming
9.5.7 Cyber-Infrastructure and Networked Databases
9.6 Challenges and Opportunities for the Future
References
10 Biodiversity Modelling as Part of an Observation System
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Broad Roles of Modelling in Biodiversity Assessment
10.2.1 Modelling Across Space Alone
10.2.2 Modelling Across Space and Time, Present to Future
10.2.3 Modelling Across Space and Time, Past to Present
10.3 A Key Modelling Challenge: Mapping Change in the Distribution and Retention of Terrestrial Biodiversity
10.3.1 Species-Level Approaches
10.3.2 Community-Level Approaches.
10.3.2.1 Discrete Community-Level Approaches
10.3.2.2 Continuous Community-Level Approaches
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Global Infrastructures for Biodiversity Data and Services
Abstract
11.1 An Emerging Culture of Data Sharing, Publication and Citation
11.1.1 Research Infrastructures
11.1.2 Persistent Identifiers and Linked Open Data
11.1.3 Free and Open Data: Licensing and Policy
11.1.4 Data Citation and Publication
11.1.5 Big Data, Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, and Proliferating Sensors
11.2 The Network of the Future
11.2.1 A Vision for Future Data and Services
11.2.2 The Role of Standards and Specifications
11.2.3 A Scalable, Interoperable Architecture
11.2.3.1 General Requirements for a Biodiversity Information Architecture
11.2.3.2 Option 1: SOA and ESB
11.2.3.3 Option 2: Synchronous, RESTful Services
11.3 Considerations in Respect of Best Practice
11.3.1 Sources of Data and Its Classification
11.3.1.1 Essential Biodiversity Variables
11.3.1.2 Protocols for Observation
11.3.1.3 Generic Data Families
11.3.2 Published Advice and Guidance
11.3.2.1 Research Data Alliance (RDA)
11.3.2.2 Global Biodiversity Informatics Conference (GBIC)
11.3.2.3 GEO Data Management Principles
11.3.2.4 EU BON
11.3.2.5 CReATIVE-B and GLOBIS-B
11.3.2.6 EarthCube and DataONE
11.4 Specific Implementation Guidelines
11.4.1 Recommended Data Management Approaches
11.4.2 Section A: General Considerations
11.4.3 Section B: Semantic Interoperability
11.4.4 Section C: Specialised Global Infrastructure
11.4.5 Section D: Aggregators and Open Federated Infrastructures
11.5 Conclusions
11.5.1 What Is Already Achievable?
11.5.2 What Needs to Be Improved?
References
Web Links and References Used in the Guidance Tables 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.
12 Using Data for Decision-Making: From Observations to Indicators and Other Policy Tools.

The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks.

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