Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States under Changing Conditions : A Comprehensive Science Synthesis.
| Main Author: | |
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| Other Authors: | , , |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2020.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- English Equivalents
- Executive Summary
- Overview and Purpose
- Key Messages
- Key Benefits of Forest and Rangeland Soils
- Carbon and Water
- Biodiversity and Indicators of Soil Health
- Biogeochemistry
- Soil in Wetland and Urban Landscapes
- Degradation of Soil Health
- Management
- Managing, Restoring, and Addressing Soil Needs
- Innovations in Soil Management
- Monitoring Restored Systems
- Assessment, Mapping, and Measuring
- Needs for the Future
- Literature Cited
- Contents
- About the Contributors
- 1: State of Forest and Rangeland Soils Research in the United States
- Overview
- The Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States
- Soil Variability
- Legacies of Forest Soils Research
- Calhoun Experimental Forest, Sumter National Forest, South Carolina
- Sylvania Wilderness, Ottawa National Forest, Michigan
- Long-Term Soil Productivity Program, United States and Western Canada
- Monitoring to Detect Changes in Soil
- Research Challenges
- Physical and Human Resources for Knowledge Acquisition, Integration, Analysis, and Transfer
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 2: Soil Carbon
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of Mineral Soil Organic Carbon Stability and Vulnerability: An Emerging Paradigm
- Application of the New Paradigm to Assessing Soil Carbon Vulnerability
- Soil Carbon Vulnerability Under Key Disturbances
- Climate Change and Increasing Carbon Dioxide
- Fire
- Harvesting and Thinning
- Livestock Grazing
- Nutrient Additions
- Tree Mortality
- Invasive Species
- Managing for Soil Organic Carbon in Forests and Rangelands
- Links to Institutional Initiatives
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 3: Soils and Water
- Introduction
- Soils and the Water Cycle
- Modeling Soils and the Water Cycle.
- Threats to the Important Soil Function of Providing Clean, Abundant Water
- Forest Harvesting
- Grazing of Forests and Rangelands
- Fire and Related Activities
- Soil Water Repellency
- Natural Gas Development
- Development for Recreational Activities
- Soil Pollution
- Priority Information Gaps
- Linked Soil Climate Information
- Expanded Soil Moisture Monitoring
- Continued Support for Hydrologic Monitoring Networks
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 4: Biogeochemical Cycling in Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States
- Introduction
- Human Impacts on Forest and Rangeland Biogeochemical Cycling in the United States
- Harvest and Grazing
- Change in Species Composition
- Forest Fertilization
- Prescribed Fire
- Environmental Pollutants
- Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Mercury
- A Short History of Regulation and Research
- Impacts of Atmospheric Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Mercury Deposition on Forest and Rangeland Biogeochemical Cycling
- Ecosystem Response to Declining Atmospheric Pollutants of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Mercury
- Critical Loads of Atmospheric Sulfur and Nitrogen
- Toxic and Priority Pollutants
- Contaminants of Emerging Concern
- Climate Change, Climate Variability, and Extreme Weather Events
- Temperature and Precipitation as Major Factors of Biome Distribution
- Temperature and Precipitation as Determinants of Ecosystem Productivity
- Temperature and Precipitation as Drivers of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Reactions
- Extreme Disturbance
- Invasive Species, Insect Pests, and Pathogens
- Invasive Species
- Insect Pests
- Pathogens
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 5: Forest and Rangeland Soil Biodiversity
- Introduction
- Major Groups of Soil Organisms
- Viruses
- Bacteria and Archaea
- Fungi
- Protists.
- Microfauna
- Mesofauna
- Macrofauna
- Megafauna
- The Soil Habitat
- Texture and Aggregation
- Soil Chemistry
- The Rhizosphere
- The Impact of Disturbance on Soil Biodiversity
- Compaction
- Postfire Biodiversity
- Invasive Organisms
- Climate Change and Belowground Biodiversity
- Forest Management
- Harvesting
- Fuel Reduction Practices (Burning, Thinning, Mastication)
- New Approaches to Understand Soil Biodiversity
- Conclusions
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Science
- Management Questions
- Literature Cited
- 6: Wetland and Hydric Soils
- Introduction
- Goods and Services Derived from Wetlands
- Water Storage and Supply
- Water Quality
- Carbon
- Wildlife Habitat
- Commodities
- Objective and Scope
- Wetland Soil Types
- Tidal and Nontidal Wetlands
- Distribution of Wetlands
- Role of Soils in Wetland Ecosystem Functions
- Nontidal Wetlands
- Mineral Soils
- Prairie Potholes
- Forested Mineral Soil Wetlands
- Organic Soils
- Nonforested Peatlands
- Forested Peatlands
- Tidal Wetlands
- Tidal Freshwater Wetlands
- Tidal Marine Wetlands
- Sustainability of Wetland Functions and Ecosystem Services with Changing Conditions
- Long-Term Climate Variability
- Long-Term Shifts in Temperature and Precipitation
- Vegetation Response
- Altered Hydrology
- Thawing of Permafrost Wetlands
- Sea Level Rise
- Extreme Events
- Fire
- Floods Resulting from Increased Incidence of Severe Storms
- Atmospheric Effects
- Elevated CO2
- Pollutants and Nutrients in Deposition
- Mercury
- Sulfur
- Nitrogen
- Land Use and Land Management
- Urban and Infrastructure Development
- Agriculture
- Sediment, Nutrient, and Chemical Runoff
- Livestock Grazing
- Cropland Drainage
- Forest Management
- Restoration and Mitigation
- Tools
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited.
- 7: Urban Soils
- Introduction
- What Is an Urban Soil?
- A Range of Soil Conditions
- Habitat for Soil Organisms
- What Is the Role of Soil in Urban Ecosystems?
- Importance of Soil in an Urban Context
- Juxtaposition of People and Soil: An Educational Opportunity
- An Ecosystem Services Framework for Urban Soils
- Anthropogenic Influences on Urban Soils and Their Assessment
- Direct Effects
- Land Use Change and Urbanization
- Waste Disposal
- Grading and Stormwater Management
- Sealing and Paving
- Soil Replacement and Recycling
- Lawn Management
- Indirect Effects
- Urban Climate
- Urban Atmospheric Chemistry
- Nonnative and Invasive Species
- Mapping, Classification, and Interpretation
- Opportunities for Ecosystem Service Enhancements in Cities
- Recycling Municipal Waste to Enhance Urban Soils
- Soil Amendments to Reduce Contaminant Bioavailability
- Green Roofs: An Opportunity for Ecosystem Service Enhancement
- Diverse Plant Communities Stabilize Ecosystem Service Enhancement
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 8: Soil Management and Restoration
- Introduction
- Context
- Historical Forest Soil Management
- Historical Rangeland Soil Management
- Progressive Shifts in Policy and Planning
- Forest Service Policy
- Use of Ecological Sites and Associated Information
- Advances in Management and Restoration
- Soils-based Management
- Application of Resistance and Resilience Concepts
- Soil Security
- Soil Sensitivity
- Forest Management
- WildFire and Prescribed Fire
- Mine Reclamation
- Soils and Problematic Species
- Innovative Approaches
- Biochar
- Seed Coating Technologies
- Soil Transplants
- Monitoring Restoration Success
- Case Studies
- Mower Tract Ecological Restoration: Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia.
- Long-Term Soil Productivity Study: North America
- Soil Matters: Deschutes National Forest, Oregon
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 9: Soil Mapping, Monitoring, and Assessment
- Introduction
- Soil Mapping
- Historical Context
- Methods
- Traditional Soil Mapping
- Digital Soil Mapping
- Soil Monitoring and Assessment
- US Monitoring and Assessment Installations
- Long-Term Ecological Research Sites
- Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program
- "Smart" Environmental Sensor Technology
- Guidelines
- Tools and Technology
- Web Soil Survey (WSS)
- Gridded Soil Survey Geographic (gSSURGO) Database
- Soil Data Viewer (SDV)
- ESRI® ArcGIS Soil Inference Engine (ArcSIE)
- Terrestrial Ecological Unit Inventory (TEUI) Geospatial Toolkit
- Key Findings
- Key Information Needs
- Literature Cited
- 10: Challenges and Opportunities
- Introduction
- Understanding Basic Soil Properties and Processes
- Significance
- Challenges and Opportunities
- Understanding Disturbance and Stress Effects
- Significance
- Climate Change
- Fire
- Invasive Species, Pests, and Disease
- Pollution
- Nonurban Land Uses
- Urban Land Uses
- Challenges and Opportunities
- Monitoring, Modeling, Mapping, and Data-Sharing: A Key Component of Knowledge Acquisition and Decision-Making for Land Managers
- Significance
- Challenges and Opportunities
- Training the Next Generation of Scientists
- Significance
- Challenges and Opportunities
- Managing Soils in an Age of Accelerated Disturbance, Land Use, and Environmental Changes
- Significance
- Challenges and Opportunities
- Conclusions
- Literature Cited
- Appendices
- Appendix A: Regional Summaries
- Northeast
- Introduction
- The Environment of the Northeast
- Conversion of Forests to Other Land Use
- Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events.
- Sea Level Rise and Salt Water Intrusion.