The Plant Stem : A Microscopic Aspect.
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2018.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Table of contents
- Abbreviations
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Preparation techniques - Making anatomical structures visible
- 3. Morphology of the plant body - Tried and tested for 400 million years
- 3.1 Growth forms and life forms
- 3.2 Parts of the stem and definition of bark terms
- 4. Cellular composition of the plant body
- 4.1 The individual cell
- 4.2 Meristematic initials - The source of new cells
- 4.3 The cuticula - Protection against dehydration
- 4.4 Epidermis - The skin of plants
- 4.5 Collenchyma - Local peripheral stability
- 4.6 Parenchyma cells - Storage and repair
- 4.7 Fibers and tracheids - Stabilisation and water conduction
- 4.8 Sclereids in the bark - Extraordinary cell-wall thickening
- 4.9 Vessels - Water conduction
- 4.10 Cork cells - Defense against organisms, heat and cold
- 4.11 Sieve cells, sieve tubes and companion cells - Conduction of assimilates
- 4.12 Secretory cells - Defense
- 4.13 Intercellulars and aerenchyma - Air circulation within the plant
- 5. Structure of the cell wall and cell contents
- 5.1 Principal cell-wall structure - Form and stability
- 5.2 Pits - Lateral contact between cells
- 5.3 Perforation plates - Axial contact between vessels
- 5.4 Helical thickenings - Special wall thickenings
- 5.5 Tyloses - Permanent interruption of water flow
- 5.6 Cell contents - Everything inside the cell wall
- 5.6.1 Nuclei in protoplasts - Metabolic centers of the plant cells
- 5.6.2 Plastids - Green, yellow and white bodies
- 5.6.3 Starch grains - Stored energy
- 5.6.4 Crystals in vacuoles - Regulators and metabolic waste
- 5.6.5 Stained substances within the stem - Defense
- 6. Primary, secondary and tertiary meristems
- 6.1 Primary meristems in apical zones - Initials of longitudinal and radial growth.
- 6.1.1 Macroscopic aspect of primary meristems in apical shoots and roots - Grow higher, grow deeper
- 6.1.2 Apical shoot dynamics - Long and short shoots - Grow fast, grow slow
- 6.1.3 Shoot death and metamorphosis - The end of longitudinal growth: Twigs must die
- 6.1.4 Microscopic aspect of apical meristems of shoots and roots - Towards heaven and earth
- 6.1.5 From primary apical meristem to secondary lateral meristems in shoots - From longitudinal to radial growth
- 6.1.6 From primary apical meristem to secondary lateral meristems in roots - From longitudinal to radial growth
- 6.1.7 From primary apical meristem in shoots to roots in plants without cambium (monocotyledons)
- 6.1.8 From primary apical meristem in shoots to roots in vascular spore plants
- 6.1.9 Pericycle and endodermis - Separation of central cylinder and cortex
- 6.2 Secondary and tertiary meristems and radial growth - Cambium and cork cambium
- 6.2.1 Macroscopic aspect of radial growth and xylem coloration - Stems get thicker
- 6.2.2 Microscopic aspect of radial growth (conifers, dicotyledonous plants and palm ferns) - An overview
- 6.2.3 Production and enlargement of new cells in the xylem of a thickening stem - The need for more and larger cells
- 6.2.4 Cell formation and differentiation in the xylem - The multifunctional stem center
- 6.2.5 Timing of xylem formation
- 6.2.6 Cell differentiation in the phloem - The multifunctional stem periphery
- 6.2.7 Formation of tertiary meristems, the cork cambium - A new skin
- 6.2.8 Life span and death of cells - Cells must die
- 6.3 Cambial variants - Phloem elements within the xylem
- 6.4 Intercalary meristems - Longitudinal growth far behind the tips in shoots and roots
- 7. Stem anatomical structures of major taxonomic units
- 7.1 Stem-forming fungi and algae
- 7.1.1 Sporophytes of fungi.
- 7.1.2 Thalli and stems of brown algae
- 7.2 Mosses - The oldest living plants
- 7.3 Fern-like plants
- 7.3.1 Spikemosses, quillworts and clubmosses
- 7.3.2 Whisk ferns and moonworts
- 7.3.3 Horsetails
- 7.3.4 Ferns
- 7.4 Seed plants
- 7.4.1 Palm ferns
- 7.4.2 Ginkgoaceae
- 7.4.3 Conifers
- 7.4.4 Gnetales
- Gnetales: Conifers or Angiosperms?
- 7.4.5 Angiosperms: Monocotyledons and their growth forms
- 7.4.6 Angiosperms: Dicotyledons and their growth forms
- 8. Evolution of stems
- 8.1 Paleobotanic evidence of stems
- 8.2 Evolution and homoplasy of wood anatomical traits
- 8.3 Parallel evolution of macroscopic and microscopic traits
- 9. Anatomical adaptations to permanently changed environmental conditions
- 9.1 Anatomical and morphological plasticity of species
- 9.2 Anatomical and morphological adaption to different climates
- 9.2.1 Trees in the tropics, the temperate and the boreal zone
- 9.2.2 Shrubs in the tropics, the Mediterranean and arctic zone
- 10. Anatomical adaptations to temporarily changed environmental conditions
- 10.1 Anatomical effect of short-term environmental changes during the vegetation period
- 10.1.1 Individual small and large annual rings and missing rings
- 10.1.2 Discontinuous growth - Wedging rings
- 10.1.3 Individual small and large latewood zones and latewood zones with thin- or thick-walled tracheids
- 10.1.4 Individual, not fully lignified latewood zones ("blue rings")
- 10.1.5 False rings and density variations
- 10.1.6 Tissue and fiber cracks
- 10.2 Effect of multi-annual environmental changes
- 10.2.1 Abrupt growth changes
- 10.2.2 Structural changes
- 10.3 Eccentricity and irregular stem forms
- 10.4 Reaction wood - Reaction to mechanical stress
- 10.4.1 Compression wood in conifers
- 10.4.2 Tension wood in angiosperms
- 10.5 Cell collapse and lateral ray compression.
- 10.6 Cambial wounding - Callus formation, overgrowing of wounds
- 10.7 Prevention of wounds
- 10.8 Resin and gum ducts
- 11. Coexistence of algae, fungi and vascular plants
- 11.1 Mycorrhizae - Coexistence of vascular plants and fungi
- 11.2 Lichens - Coexistence of algae and fungi
- 12. Wood decay
- 12.1 Abiotic decomposition
- 12.2 Anaerobic decay - Absence of oxygen
- 12.3 Aerobic decay - Wood-decaying fungi
- 12.4 Compartmentalization - The natural limit to fungal growth
- 12.5 Decay by xylobiontic insects
- 13 Fossilization, permineralization, coalification, carbonization and wet wood conservation
- 13.1 Fossilization
- 13.2 Permineralization of archaeological artifacts
- 13.3 Coalification
- 13.4 Carbonization
- 13.5 Wet wood conservation
- 14. Technically altered wood products
- Acknowledgements
- References and recommended reading
- Index of keywords
- Index of species names.