Table of Contents: Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient :

Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient : A CauseHealth Resource for Healthcare Professionals and the Clinical Encounter.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Anjum, Rani Lill.
Other Authors:	Copeland, Samantha., Rocca, Elena.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient
Preface
The Story of CauseHealth
Reference
Abbreviations
Contents
List of Figures
Contributors to Part II
Editors and Contributors to Part I
Notes on Editors and Contributors
Part I: Philosophical Framework
Chapter 1: Introduction: Why Is Philosophy Relevant for Clinical Practice?
Chapter 2: Dispositions and the Unique Patient
2.1 The Similar and the Unique
2.2 Empiricism: Causality Requires Repeated Observations
2.3 Dispositionalism: Causality Happens in the Single Case
2.3.1 Causes Are Dispositions
2.3.2 Causes Are Intrinsic
2.3.3 Causality Is Complex
2.3.4 Causality Is Context-Sensitive
2.3.5 Modelling Causality
2.3.6 Two Types of Causal Interference
2.3.7 Degree of Tendency
2.3.8 Threshold Effects and Tipping Points
2.4 Philosophy of Causality Influences Scientific Methods
2.5 Practical Implications for the Clinic
2.5.1 Causal Evidence Comes from the Patient
2.5.2 There Is No Standard or Average Patient
2.5.3 Unexpected Outcomes Are Valuable Causal Lessons
2.6 To Sum Up…
References and Further Readings
Chapter 3: Probability for the Clinical Encounter
3.1 Uncertainty and Probability in the Single Case
3.2 Probability from Statistics: Frequentism
3.2.1 Frequentism and Evidence Based Approaches
3.2.2 Randomisation, Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria in Population Trials
3.2.3 Internal and External Validity of Causal Claims from Randomised Controlled Trials
3.3 Probability as Degree of Belief: Subjective Credence
3.3.1 Updating Belief
3.3.2 Understanding the Basic Bayesian Formula
3.3.3 Uncertainty as Lack of Knowledge
3.4 Probabilities as Dispositional and Intrinsic: Propensities.
3.4.1 Individual Propensities Are Not Always Seen Through Frequencies
3.4.2 Propensities as Qualities
3.4.3 Propensities and Prediction
3.5 Propensities and the Clinic
3.5.1 The Importance of Local Knowledge
3.5.2 Person Centered Clinical Analysis
3.5.3 Focus on Theories of Causal Mechanism
3.5.4 Multidisciplinarity and Networking
3.5.5 The Potential of Clinical Experience for Advancing Medical Knowledge
3.5.6 What Does N = 1 Mean, Within the CauseHealth Project?
3.6 To Sum Up…
References and Further Readings
Chapter 4: When a Cause Cannot Be Found
4.1 The Clinical Challenge of Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS)
4.2 The Problem of Uniqueness
4.2.1 The Patient Context: What Was There Before
4.2.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Causal Inquiry
4.2.3 Dispositional Take On Perfect Regularity: Is It Causality or Something Else Entirely?
4.3 An Important Lesson from Medically Unexplained Symptoms (MUS)
4.3.1 We Need Many Methods to Establish Causality
4.4 Patient Narratives as a Way Forward
4.5 Using Patient Narratives
4.5.1 Narrative as a Tool for Causality Assessment
4.5.2 Narrative as a Tool for Understanding the Causal Story
4.5.3 Narrative as a Collaborative Tool in Healthcare
4.6 To Sum Up…
References
Chapter 5: Complexity, Reductionism and the Biomedical Model
5.1 The Biomedical Model of Illness
5.1.1 Reductionism in Medicine and Science
5.1.2 Critical Reflections Concerning the Biomedical Model
5.2 The Bio-psychosocial Model of Illness
5.2.1 Bottom Up and Top Down Causality in Medical Research: Two Views on Cancer Aetiology
5.3 The CauseHealth Approach: Change Must Start from Ontology
5.4 What Is Causal Complexity and How Should It Be Investigated?
5.4.1 Mereological Composition
5.4.2 Genuine Complexity and Emergence.
5.4.3 Practice Is Motivated by Ontological Bias
5.5 We Need an Ecological Turn in Medicine and Healthcare
5.5.1 Whole Person Healthcare in Practice
5.6 To Sum Up…
References and Further Readings
Chapter 6: The Guidelines Challenge
6.1 The Tension Within
6.1.1 Evidence Based Medicine and the Rise of Guidelines
6.1.2 Guidelines in Practice
6.2 Guidelines and Tramlines
6.2.1 Guidelines and Evidence Based Policy
6.3 The Ontology of Guidelines
6.3.1 Logically Speaking, Guidelines Cannot Be Rules
6.3.2 What Does This Mean for Guidelines in Practice?
6.4 The Epistemology of Guidelines
6.4.1 Transparency and the Tension Between Flexibility and Standardization
6.4.2 When Should the Particular Be Engaged?
6.5 Guidelines in the Dispositionalist Way
6.5.1 So, What Should We Do with Guidelines?
6.6 To Sum Up…
References and Further Readings
Part II: Application to the Clinic
Chapter 7: The Complexity of Persistent Pain - A Patient's Perspective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Injury I Haven't Recovered From
7.3 Being Treated Within a Narrow View of Pain
7.4 Starting to Learn About the Complexity of Pain
7.5 Learning About Causality and Dispositionalism
7.6 A Smallholding Analogy
7.7 The Analogy Explained
7.8 Combining Causality, Dispositionalism and Predictive Processing
7.9 A Simple Understanding of My Pain
7.10 How Has Understanding Pain in This Way Helped Me?
7.11 The Complexity of Persistent Pain
Chapter 8: Above and Beyond Statistical Evidence. Why Stories Matter for Clinical Decisions and Shared Decision Making
8.1 Musculoskeletal Disability
8.2 Evidence Based Healthcare: The Heart Is in the Right Place, But…
8.3 Therapeutic Alliance: A Dispositional View
8.4 Bringing the Totality of Evidence Together
References and Further Readings.
Chapter 9: Causality and Dispositionality in Medical Practice
9.1 Some Background
9.2 Considering Causality
9.3 Diagnosis and Decisions
9.4 Overview of Important Dispositional Insights in Clinical Care
9.5 Conclusion
References and Further Readings
Chapter 10: Lessons on Causality from Clinical Encounters with Severely Obese Patients
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Framework for the Clinical Encounter
10.2.1 The Person in the Role of the Patient - What Are the Goals of Healthcare?
10.2.2 A Group Seminar Before the Clinical Encounter: Setting the Stage
10.2.3 The Consultant's Understanding in Advance of the Clinical Encounter
10.2.4 The Clinical Encounter
10.2.5 As a Child, Did You Feel Safe at Home?
10.2.6 The Consultant's and Patient's Understanding After the Clinical Encounter
10.3 Case Stories
10.3.1 Olav Olsen, a Severely Obese Man
10.3.2 Alma Almas, a Severely Obese Woman
10.3.3 Ebba Eskil, a Severely Obese and Depressed Woman
10.4 Where Do We Go from Here?
10.4.1 "What the Hell Is Going on Here?"
10.4.2 Is This How the System Works?
10.5 Outlook
References and Further Readings
Chapter 11: Reflections on the Clinician's Role in the Clinical Encounter
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Reflections on How Values Affect Clinical Encounters
11.3 The Work I Did with Marie
11.3.1 Presentation of the Client
11.3.2 Presenting Problems
11.3.3 Diagnosis
11.3.4 The I-Thou Process
11.3.5 Key Episode 1
11.3.6 Key Episode 2
11.4 Reflections
References and Further Readings
Chapter 12: The Relevance of Dispositionalism for Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Research
12.1 Introductory Preface
12.2 Misleading Statement on Evidence Based Psychological Practice
12.3 Questioning the Medical Model
12.4 The Challenge from Dodo-Birds and Meaning-Makers.
12.5 The Philosophical Bias of the Medical Model
12.6 Dodo-Birds Must Take the Bull by Its Horns
12.7 Meaning-Makers Must Target the Right Enemy
12.8 Humeanism Must Be Replaced by Dispositionalism
12.9 Implications for Psychotherapy Research
12.10 Implications for Psychotherapy
12.11 As Statistics Don't Get It, Try Getting the Vectors Right
References and Further Readings
Chapter 13: Causal Dispositionalism and Evidence Based Healthcare
13.1 Complexity in Practice
13.2 Evidential Hierarchies Expose Causal Theory
13.3 A Dispositionalist Response
13.3.1 Explain the Causal Role of Content from Particular Research Methods
13.3.2 Motivate a Viable Epistemology
13.3.3 Account for Causal Processes in Individual Level Clinical Decision Making
13.3.4 Help Understand and Assess Additional Premises and Assumptions Needed to Bridge the Inferential Gap Between Population Level Evidence and Clinical Decisions
13.4 Conclusion
References and Further Readings
Chapter 14: The Practice of Whole Person-Centred Healthcare
14.1 A Woman with Skin Disease
14.2 A Professional Evolution
14.3 Somatic Metaphors
14.4 Whole Persons in the Clinic
14.5 Reactions from Colleagues
14.6 Dualist Psychotherapy
14.7 Publications
14.8 Human Infant Development
14.9 Mindbody Healthcare
14.10 I Was Conflicted
14.11 Being Looked at or Being Seen?
References and Further Readings
Chapter 15: A Broken Child - A Diseased Woman
15.1 Cecily Cramer
15.2 Crisis Onset
15.3 Two In-Patient Psychiatric Hospital Ward Admissions
15.4 Follow-Up Care
15.5 Reflections
15.5.1 Recently Acquired Knowledge
15.5.2 Updating the Concept of Causality
References and Further Readings
Chapter 16: Conclusion: CauseHealth Recommendations for Making Causal Evidence Clinically Relevant and Informed.
16.1 Practical Recommendations for Change.

Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient : A CauseHealth Resource for Healthcare Professionals and the Clinical Encounter.

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