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Gene Drives at Tipping Points : Precautionary Technology Assessment and Governance of New Approaches to Genetically Modify Animal and Plant Populations.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: von Gleich, Arnim.
Other Authors: Schröder, Winfried.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Acknowledgements
  • Introduction
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Abbreviations
  • Species List
  • 1 Technology Characterisation
  • Introduction
  • SPAGE-Techniques
  • Gene Drives
  • Methodology of Technology Characterisation
  • Depth of Intervention (Technological Power and Range)
  • Intensity of Intervention (Number/Frequency)
  • Reliability of the Technology
  • Corrigibility or Limitation of Damage in Case of Failure
  • Important Preliminary Remarks
  • SPAGE Technologies
  • Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal Gene (RIDL)
  • Meiotic Drives (MD) in particular X-Shredder
  • Killer-Rescue
  • Maternal-Effect Dominant Embryonic Arrest (Medea)
  • Underdominance (UD)
  • Homing Endonuclease Genes (HEG)
  • CRISPR/Cas9
  • Summary of the Technology Characterisation
  • References
  • 2 Gene Drives Touching Tipping Points
  • The Relevance of Tipping Points to Understand Implications of Deliberate Release of Self Propagating Artificial Genetic Elements (SPAGE)
  • Conceptual Background: Phase Transitions in Dynamic Systems
  • Examples in Different Scientific Domains
  • Concepts and Applications in Dynamic Theory: Important Forms of Phase Transitions Where Tipping Points Mark Domain Boundaries
  • Potential Tipping Points with SPAGE Involvement
  • A Hierarchy in Consideration Levels: Where SPAGE-Related Tipping Points Could Occur
  • Tipping Points on the Molecular and Physiological Level
  • Tipping Points on the Population Level
  • Tipping Points on the Ecosystem Level
  • Tipping Points on the Landscape and (Cross-) Regional Level
  • Tipping Points in an Evolutionary Context
  • Tipping Point Considerations with Regard to a Social Ecological Domain of SPAGE-The Interaction of Natural and Social Processes
  • Tipping Points in Application and Feasibility Considerations
  • Tipping Points in Risk Assessment and Management.
  • Tipping Points in Regulation and Law Enforcement
  • Tipping Points in Social Acceptance
  • Discourse Outlook
  • References
  • 3 Vulnerability Analysis of Ecological Systems
  • Introduction
  • Ecosystem Vulnerability Analysis
  • Exposure
  • Sensitivity
  • Adaptive Capacity
  • Event-Based Analysis of Vulnerability
  • Potential Tipping Events Caused by GDO
  • Structural Analysis of Vulnerability
  • Resilience of Ecosystems
  • Regime Shifts and Resilience
  • Summary
  • References
  • 4 Case Study 1: Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae)
  • Population Biology
  • Phenology
  • Population Characteristics
  • Environmental Tolerances
  • Dispersal Dynamics
  • Dispersal Distances
  • Genetic Variability and Gene Flow
  • Potential Hazards with Regard to Gene Drive Release
  • Unintentional Long-Distance Transport of the Genetically Modified Organism
  • Hybridization and Horizontal Gene Transfer Across Species Boundaries
  • Ecological Niche Filling by Other Species
  • Concluding Remark
  • References
  • 5 Case Study 2: Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)
  • Intention and Scope of the Case Study Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)
  • Oilseed Rape-Biological and Ecological Characteristics
  • Production, Uses and Genetic Modification
  • Potential Hybridisation Partners
  • Conclusions on Gene Flow Potential
  • Pests and Pathogens
  • Pollen Transfer and Gene Flow
  • Gene Flow by Airborne Pollen Transport
  • Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow
  • Not-Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow
  • Gene Flow via Pollen Transport by Insects
  • Seed Persistence and Germination in Oilseed Rape
  • Genetic Modifications in Oilseed Rape
  • Persistence of Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape Outside Fields
  • General Implications
  • Agricultural Implications
  • Conservation Implications
  • Detection of Unintended Spread of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Various Countries.
  • Modelling Approaches for Gene Drives
  • GeneSys
  • GeneTraMP
  • Model Suitability to Represent Gene Drive Population Dynamics
  • Suitability and Prerequisites of Oilseed Rape for Gene Drives?
  • Purposes for Oilseed Rape Gene Drives?
  • Gene Drives to Delete/Block Herbicide Resistances
  • CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches
  • Resistance Blocking
  • Overwriting Various Herbicide Resistances with a Single Resistance
  • Self-Limiting CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches
  • Gene Drive Seeds as a Breeding Tool on Agricultural Fields
  • Female Infertility Drive
  • Other Gene Drive Techniques Besides CRISPR/Cas
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 6 Model Concepts for Gene Drive Dynamics
  • Introduction
  • Stock-Flow Model of an Olive Fly Population
  • Stock-Flow Model of a Single-Locus Underdominance Gene Drive
  • Stock-Flow Model of a Medea Gene Drive
  • Deterministic Recurrence-Based Calculations on the Inheritance Schemes of Different Gene Drive Techniques
  • Stochastic Model Considering an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive and Bottlenecks
  • Differential Equation-Based Modelling of an Olive Fly Population with a Gene Drive
  • Individual-Based Model of an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 7 Alternative Techniques and Options for Risk Reduction of Gene Drives
  • Introduction
  • Intrinsic Containment
  • Safety Options for GDO-Releases
  • Molecular Modifications of Gene Drives as Safety Strategy
  • Limitation by Secondary Releases
  • Limitation by Dependence
  • Limitation by Genetic Instability
  • Alternative Approaches to Synthetic Gene Drives
  • Overview of Potential Safety Mechanisms
  • Summary
  • References
  • 8 Limits of Knowledge and Tipping Points in the Risk Assessment of Gene Drive Organisms
  • Introduction
  • The Production of Knowledge and Non-knowledge
  • The Science of Non-knowledge in Upstream Technology Assessment.
  • The Exploration of Non-knowledge in the Field of Biotechnology
  • Some 'Known Unknowns' in Regard to Risk Assessment of GE Organisms and New Challenges Posed by Gene Drives
  • Conceptual Challenges in Risk Assessment of GE Organisms
  • Specific Characteristics of GE Organisms
  • Specific Challenges in Risk Assessment of Gene Drives
  • Some Reasons for Concern Arising from Existing Evidence
  • The EFSA Concept and the Problem of Spatio-Temporal Complexity
  • The Current EFSA System and Its Approach to Future Applications
  • Some Relevant Aspects of Spatio-Temporal Complexity
  • Problems Emerging from Spatio-Temporal Complexity for Risk Assessment
  • 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' as a Cut-Off Criterion
  • Lessons Learned from Risk Assessment of Chemicals
  • Cut-Off Criteria in the Risk Assessment of GE Organisms
  • Case Studies: How to Apply 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' in Practice
  • The Role of the Risk Manager
  • Discussion
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • 9 Steps Towards a Precautionary Risk Governance of SPAGE Technologies Including Gene-Drives
  • Reasons for Concern as an Interface Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management
  • Dealing with Non-knowledge: Precautionary, Prospective Technology Assessment Versus Environmental Risk Assessment
  • Depth of Intervention
  • Identification of Substances of Very High Concern in REACH
  • Operationalization of the Precautionary Principle in the Governance of GMOs Along the Lines of REACH
  • Conclusion
  • Five Steps Towards Integrating the Precautionary Principle into the Governance of SPAGE
  • References
  • Summary
  • References
  • Index.

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