Introduction to Permanent Plug and Abandonment of Wells.
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2020.
|
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Series: | Ocean Engineering and Oceanography Series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- About the Authors
- Abbreviations
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Abandonment Types
- 1.2 Asset Retirement Obligation
- 1.3 Prepared for Permanent Plug and Abandonment
- 1.3.1 Plug and Abandonment Challenges
- 1.4 Past, Present, and Future of Plugged and Abandoned Wells on the NCS
- 1.5 Digitalization in Plug and Abandonment
- 1.6 The Regulatory Authorities
- 1.7 P&
- A Barrier Philosophy
- 1.8 The Beginning of the End-Decommissioning
- References
- 2 General Principles of Well Barriers
- 2.1 Well Annuli
- 2.2 Well Barrier Envelope
- 2.2.1 Primary and Secondary Well Barriers
- 2.2.2 Environmental Plug
- 2.3 Well Barrier Element
- 2.4 Plug
- 2.4.1 Bridge/Mechanical Plugs
- 2.5 Well Barrier Illustration
- 2.6 Prerequisites for Well Abandonment Design
- 2.6.1 Well Configuration
- 2.6.2 Stratigraphic Sequences
- 2.6.3 Logs and Cementing Operation Data
- 2.6.4 Formations with Suitable Well Barrier Element Properties
- 2.6.5 Specific Well Conditions
- 2.7 Well Abandonment Phases
- 2.7.1 Phase 1: Reservoir Abandonment
- 2.7.2 Phase 2: Intermediate Abandonment
- 2.7.3 Phase 3: Wellhead and Conductor Removals
- 2.8 Disconnecting the Christmas Tree and Assembling Blowout Preventer
- 2.8.1 Wellhead Systems
- 2.8.2 The Christmas Tree Systems
- 2.8.3 Assembling BOP
- 2.9 Special Considerations in Abandonment Design
- 2.9.1 Control Lines
- 2.9.2 Well Design
- 2.9.3 Well Schematic
- 2.9.4 Horizontal Wells
- 2.9.5 High-Pressure High-Temperature Wells
- 2.9.6 Shallow Permeable Zones
- 2.9.7 Multilateral Wells
- 2.9.8 Slot Recovery Sidetracks
- 2.9.9 Multiple Reservoirs
- 2.9.10 Slotted Liner
- 2.9.11 Inflow Control Device
- 2.9.12 Tubing Left in Hole
- 2.9.13 Hydrocarbons in the Overburden
- 2.10 Requirements for Designing Permanent Barriers.
- 2.10.1 Well Cross Sectional Barrier
- 2.10.2 Plug Setting Depth-Formation Integrity
- References
- 3 Specification for Permanent Plugging Materials
- 3.1 Material Requirements for Permanent Barriers
- 3.2 Functional Requirements of Permanent Well Barrier Elements
- 3.2.1 Sealing Capability
- 3.2.2 Bonding
- 3.2.3 Placeability of Permanent Barrier Material
- 3.2.4 Durability
- 3.2.5 Reparability
- 3.3 Qualification of New Plugging Materials
- References
- 4 Types of Permanent Plugging Materials
- 4.1 Setting Materials
- 4.1.1 Portland Cement
- 4.2 In Situ Formation (Formation as Barrier)
- 4.2.1 Durability
- 4.3 Non-setting (Grouts)
- 4.3.1 Unconsolidated Sand Slurries
- 4.4 Thermosetting Polymers
- 4.4.1 Main Degradation Mechanisms
- 4.4.2 Long-Term Integrity of Thermosetting Resins
- 4.5 Metals
- 4.6 Modified In Situ Materials
- 4.6.1 Barrier Establishment
- References
- 5 Different Categories of Working Units
- 5.1 Onshore Units
- 5.1.1 Conventional Land Rigs
- 5.1.2 Mobile Land Rigs
- 5.2 Offshore Units
- 5.2.1 Submersible/Barge Rigs
- 5.2.2 Semisubmersible Rigs
- 5.2.3 Drillship
- 5.2.4 Jackup Rig
- 5.2.5 Platform Rigs
- 5.2.6 Tendered Rigs
- 5.2.7 Vessels
- 5.3 Types of Offshore Wells
- 5.3.1 Subsea Wells
- 5.3.2 Platform Wells
- 5.4 Types of Offshore Production Units
- 5.4.1 Bottom Supported and Vertically Moored Structures
- 5.4.2 Floating Production Systems
- 5.5 Manned and Unmanned Platforms
- 5.5.1 Manned Platforms
- 5.5.2 Unmanned Platforms
- 5.6 Mooring Systems for Floating Units
- 5.6.1 Spread Mooring Systems
- 5.6.2 Turret Mooring Systems
- 5.6.3 Conventional Buoy Mooring System
- 5.6.4 Offshore Mooring Patterns
- 5.6.5 Dynamic Positioning
- 5.7 Anchoring Types
- 5.8 Moonpool
- References
- 6 Work Classification and Selection of Working Units
- 6.1 P&
- A Code System.
- 6.1.1 Well Location
- 6.1.2 Abandonment Phases
- 6.1.3 Abandonment Complexity
- 6.2 Time and Cost Estimation of a P&
- A Operation
- 6.2.1 Description of Factors
- 6.2.2 Traditional Method for Time Estimation
- 6.2.3 Probabilistic Method for Time Estimation
- 6.2.4 Regression Method for Time Estimation
- References
- 7 Fundamentals of Plug Placement
- 7.1 Openhole Plug Placement
- 7.1.1 Fluid Removal
- 7.1.2 Milling Fluid
- 7.1.3 Hydraulic Mud Removal
- 7.1.4 Mechanical Filter Cake Removal
- 7.2 Cased Hole Plug Placement
- 7.2.1 Qualified Annular Barrier
- 7.2.2 Disqualified Annular Barrier
- 7.3 Plug Placement Techniques
- 7.3.1 Balanced-Plug Method
- 7.3.2 Two-Plug Method
- 7.3.3 Dump Bailer Method
- 7.3.4 Coiled Tubing Method
- 7.4 Mud Displacement During Cementing
- 7.5 Verification of Placement Operation
- References
- 8 Tools and Techniques for Plug and Abandonment
- 8.1 Casing Cut and Removal Techniques
- 8.1.1 Cut-and-Pull Casing
- 8.1.2 Casing Milling
- 8.1.3 Casing Section Milling
- 8.1.4 Upward Milling
- 8.2 Perforate, Wash and Cement Technique
- 8.2.1 Concept Behind the Technique
- 8.3 Explosives to Establish Annular Barrier
- 8.4 Melting Downhole Completion
- 8.5 Plasma-Based Milling
- 8.5.1 Concept Behind the Technology
- 8.5.2 Scientific Background of the Technology
- 8.6 Wellhead Cut and Removal
- 8.6.1 Explosive Cutting
- 8.6.2 Hot Cutting
- 8.6.3 Mechanical Methods
- 8.6.4 Abrasive Methods
- 8.6.5 Laser Cutting
- References
- 9 Barrier Verification
- 9.1 Annular Barrier Verification
- 9.1.1 Acoustic Logging of Annular Barrier
- 9.1.2 Noise Logging Measurements
- 9.1.3 Temperature Logging
- 9.1.4 Hydraulic Pressure Testing
- 9.2 Internal Barrier Verification/Plug Inside Openhole or Casing
- 9.2.1 Hydraulic Pressure Testing
- 9.2.2 Weight Testing.
- 9.3 Hydraulic Pressure Equivalent to Drillpipe Tag Weight
- References.