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Sustainable Rice Straw Management.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Gummert, Martin.
Other Authors: Hung, Nguyen Van., Chivenge, Pauline., Douthwaite, Boru.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Chapter 1: Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices
  • 1.1 Rice Straw Availability
  • 1.2 Rice Straw Properties and Composition
  • 1.2.1 Physical Properties
  • 1.2.2 Thermal Properties
  • 1.2.3 Chemical Composition
  • 1.3 Overview of Rice-Straw Management Options
  • 1.3.1 Burning Issues and Alternative Management Options
  • 1.3.2 Scalable Solutions for Sustainable Rice-Straw Management
  • 1.3.2.1 Incorporation
  • 1.3.2.2 Mechanized Collection
  • 1.3.2.3 Mechanized Composting
  • 1.3.2.4 Mushroom Production
  • 1.3.2.5 Rice-Straw Silage for Cattle Feed
  • 1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Mechanized Collection and Densification of Rice Straw
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Mechanized Collection of Rice Straw
  • 2.3 Overview of Mechanized Straw Collection Technologies
  • 2.4 Commonly Used Rice Straw Balers in Asia
  • 2.5 High-Density Straw Compacting, Briquetting, and Pelletizing
  • 2.5.1 Compacting
  • 2.5.1.1 Vertical Compacting
  • 2.5.1.2 Horizontal Compacting
  • 2.5.2 Briquetting
  • 2.5.3 Pelletizing
  • 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Rice Straw-Based Composting
  • 3.1 Overview of Composting Technology
  • 3.1.1 Properties of Materials
  • 3.1.2 Temperature
  • 3.1.3 pH Value of Composting Environment
  • 3.1.4 Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio
  • 3.1.5 Moisture Content of Substrates
  • 3.2 Current Practices for Rice-Straw Composting
  • 3.2.1 Vermi-composting
  • 3.2.2 Mechanized Windrow Composting
  • 3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Thermochemical Conversion of Rice Straw
  • 4.1 Overview of Thermal Conversion Processes
  • 4.2 Properties of Rice Straw for Thermal Conversion
  • 4.3 Currently Developed Technologies and Practices of Rice Straw Thermal Conversion
  • 4.3.1 Pyrolysis.
  • 4.3.2 Gasification
  • 4.3.3 Combustion
  • 4.4 Nonenergy Thermal Conversion Byproducts
  • 4.4.1 Biochar
  • 4.4.2 Slag, Vitrified Slag or Ash
  • 4.5 Comparison of Thermal Conversion Technologies
  • 4.5.1 Energy Conversion
  • 4.5.2 Technology and Commercial Maturity
  • 4.5.3 Environmental and Health Impacts
  • 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Straw for Biogas Production
  • 5.1 Introduction of Anaerobic Digestion Technology
  • 5.1.1 Products of Anaerobic Digestion
  • 5.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process
  • 5.1.2.1 Stage 1: Hydrolysis
  • 5.1.2.2 Stage 2: Acid-Producing (Acidogenesis)
  • 5.1.2.3 Stage 3: Acetic Acid-Producing (Acetogenesis)
  • 5.1.2.4 Stage 4: Methane-Producing (Methanogenesis)
  • 5.1.3 Factors Affecting the Anaerobic Digestion Process
  • 5.1.3.1 Temperature
  • 5.1.3.2 pH and Alkalinity
  • 5.1.3.3 Redox Potential
  • 5.1.3.4 Salinity
  • 5.1.3.5 Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
  • 5.1.3.6 Loading Rate and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
  • 5.1.3.7 Toxins
  • 5.1.3.8 Dry Matter and Water Content
  • 5.1.3.9 Stirring
  • 5.1.3.10 Feedstock Pretreatment
  • 5.1.3.11 Feedstock Size
  • 5.2 AD Systems
  • 5.2.1 Small-Scale Biogas Digesters
  • 5.2.1.1 Biogas Plants Constructed On-Site
  • 5.2.1.1.1 Fixed-Dome Digesters
  • 5.2.1.1.2 Indian Digesters
  • 5.2.1.1.3 Floating Drum Digesters
  • 5.2.1.2 Prefabricated On-Site Biogas Plants
  • 5.2.1.2.1 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Digesters
  • 5.2.1.2.2 Hard-Plastic Digester Types
  • 5.2.1.2.3 Soft-Plastic Digester Types
  • 5.2.2 Medium- and Large-Scale Plants
  • 5.3 Current Technology Developments and Practices for Rice Straw AD
  • 5.3.1 Rice Straw Pretreatment for AD
  • 5.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment: Effect of Particle Size of Rice Straw
  • 5.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
  • 5.3.1.2.1 Acid Pretreatment
  • 5.3.1.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment.
  • 5.3.1.3 Biological Pretreatment
  • 5.3.2 Current Practices of Rice Straw AD
  • 5.3.2.1 Rice Straw Batch AD
  • 5.3.2.2 Two-Stage AD
  • 5.4 Utilization of Bioslurry
  • 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Rice-Straw Mushroom Production
  • 6.1 Overview of Rice-Straw Mushroom (RSM)
  • 6.2 Physical Characteristics of RSM
  • 6.3 Environmental and Nutritional Requirements
  • 6.4 Current Practices for Growing Mushroom
  • 6.4.1 Outdoor RSM Cultivation
  • 6.4.1.1 Rice Straw for Mushroom Growing and Preparation of the Growing Location
  • 6.4.1.2 Growing Preparation and Maintenance of Planting Spawn
  • 6.4.1.3 Preparation of Growing Beds and Spawning
  • 6.4.1.4 Mushroom Growing Care
  • 6.4.1.5 Harvesting and Processing
  • 6.4.2 Indoor RSM Growing
  • 6.4.3 Case Study of Cost-Benefits for Growing Indoor and Outdoor Mushroom
  • 6.5 Pest and Disease Problems
  • 6.6 Preservation and Consumption of RSM
  • 6.7 Summary and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Rice Straw-Based Fodder for Ruminants
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Rice Straw as a Feed Source
  • 7.2.1 Availability and Carrying Capacity
  • 7.2.2 Nutrients in Rice Straw
  • 7.2.3 Rice Straw Intake by Ruminants
  • 7.2.4 Nutrient Digestibility of Rice Straw
  • 7.3 Pretreatment of Rice Straw as Ruminant Fodder
  • 7.3.1 Physical Processes
  • 7.3.2 Chemical Treatment
  • 7.3.2.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Treatment
  • 7.3.2.2 Ammonia (NH3) Treatment of Rice Straw
  • 7.3.2.3 Urea Treatment
  • 7.3.2.4 Lime Treatment
  • 7.3.3 Biological Treatment
  • 7.3.3.1 White-Rot Fungi Treatment
  • 7.3.3.2 Treatment with Enzymes
  • 7.4 Effects of Feeding Pure or Pretreated Rice Straw to Ruminants
  • 7.4.1 Effects of Urea-Treated Rice Straw in Ruminants
  • 7.4.2 Effects of Biological Treatment of Rice Straw
  • 7.5 Limitations of Rice Straw Utilization
  • 7.6 Summary and Recommendations
  • References.
  • Chapter 8: Rice Straw Incorporation Influences Nutrient Cycling and Soil Organic Matter
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Different Components of Rice Straw
  • 8.3 Forms in Which Rice Straw Is Returned to the Soil
  • 8.4 Straw Effects on Soil Properties
  • 8.4.1 Nutrient Cycling
  • 8.4.2 Soil Organic Carbon
  • 8.5 Rice Straw Effects on Yield
  • 8.6 Paddy Soil Degradation Associated with Straw Removal
  • 8.7 Constraints, Trends, and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Rice Straw Management Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Options
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 In-Field Straw Management Effects on Emissions and Mitigation
  • 9.2.1 Burning
  • 9.2.2 Incorporation Rates and Environmental Factors
  • 9.2.2.1 Water Management
  • 9.2.2.2 Cropping System
  • 9.2.2.3 Tillage
  • 9.2.2.4 Soil Type
  • 9.2.2.5 Fertilizer
  • 9.3 Off-Field Straw Management Effects on GHGEs
  • 9.3.1 Composting
  • 9.3.2 Biochar
  • 9.4 Other Off-Field Practices and Effects on GHGEs
  • 9.4.1 Mechanized Straw Collection
  • 9.4.2 Fodder
  • 9.4.3 Bioenergy
  • 9.4.3.1 Straw Combustion for Thermal Bioenergy
  • 9.4.3.2 Straw Anaerobic Digestion for CH4 Bioenergy
  • 9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Life Cycle Assessment Applied in Rice Production and Residue Management
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 LCA Framework
  • 10.2.1 Classification
  • 10.2.2 Normalization and Weighting
  • 10.3 Some Typical and Advanced Analyses in LCA
  • 10.3.1 Analyzing Energy and GHGE Balances
  • 10.3.2 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses
  • 10.4 Case Study Using LCA and SIMAPRO for Rice Production
  • 10.5 Summary and Suggestions for Further Applications
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Rice Straw Value Chains and Case Study on Straw Mushroom in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Mapping Rice Straw Value Chains in Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines.
  • 11.3 Case Study of Rice Straw Mushroom Value Chains in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta (MRD)
  • 11.3.1 Mapping Value Chains
  • 11.3.1.1 Distributors
  • 11.3.1.2 Collectors and Transporters
  • 11.3.1.3 Pre-processors
  • 11.3.1.4 Processors
  • 11.3.1.5 Wholesalers
  • 11.3.1.6 Retailers
  • 11.3.1.7 Input Suppliers
  • 11.3.1.8 Rice Straw Collectors and Traders
  • 11.3.1.9 Spore Suppliers
  • 11.3.1.10 RSM Production
  • 11.3.1.11 External Agents and Remaining Knowledge Gaps
  • 11.3.2 Economic Analysis
  • 11.3.3 Stakeholder Analysis
  • 11.3.4 Constraints of RSM Value Chains
  • 11.3.4.1 Low Economic Returns and High Risks
  • 11.3.4.2 Lack of Linkages among Actors
  • 11.3.4.3 Little Support for Strengthening Capacity
  • 11.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 11.3.5.1 Strengths
  • 11.3.5.2 Weaknesses
  • 11.3.5.3 Opportunities
  • 11.3.5.4 Threats
  • 11.3.5.5 Recommended Strategies to Upgrade RSM Value Chains in the MRD
  • 11.3.5.6 Recommended Prioritized Activities to Support Fresh and Processed Mushroom Value Chains
  • 11.4 Summary, Further Research, and Developments
  • References.

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