Table of Contents: Updates on Myopia :

Updates on Myopia : A Clinical Perspective.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Ang, Marcus.
Other Authors:	Wong, Tien Y.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2019.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1: Introduction and Overview on Myopia: A Clinical Perspective
1.1 Global Epidemiology
1.2 Pathogenesis of Myopia
1.3 Key Environmental Factors on Myopia
1.4 Genetics of Myopia
1.5 Prevention of the Onset of Myopia
1.6 Understanding Pathologic Myopia
1.7 Imaging in Myopia
1.8 Glaucoma in Myopia
1.9 Management of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
1.10 Management of Myopia-Related Retinal Complications
1.10.1 Proposed Adjuncts to Improve Outcome of Macular Hole Surgery
1.11 Management and Control of Myopia in Children
References
2: Global Epidemiology of Myopia
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Prevalence of Myopia in Children
2.2.1 Asian Countries
2.2.1.1 East Asian Countries and Singapore
2.2.1.2 Rest of Asian Countries
2.2.2 Non-Asian Countries
2.2.3 Urban and Rural Areas
2.3 Prevalence of Myopia and HM in Teenagers and Young Adults
2.3.1 East Asian Countries
2.3.2 Rest of East Asian Countries
2.4 Prevalence of Myopia and HM in Adults
2.4.1 Asian Countries
2.4.1.1 East Asian Countries
2.4.1.2 Rest of East Asian Countries
2.4.2 Non-Asian Countries
2.4.3 Generational Gap
2.5 The Prevalence of PM
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Economic Impact of Myopia
3.3 Secondary Impact of Myopia from Other Eye Diseases and Sight Loss
3.4 Quality of Life
3.5 Impact of Myopia Treatments on Quality of Life
3.6 Summary
References
4: Understanding Myopia: Pathogenesis and Mechanisms
4.1 Emmetropization and Normal Ocular Growth in Human Eyes
4.2 Ocular Biometric Changes in Human Myopia
4.2.1 Cornea
4.2.2 Crystalline Lens and Anterior Chamber Depth.
4.2.3 Vitreous Chamber and Axial Length
4.2.4 Choroid
4.2.5 Sclera
4.3 Visual Environment, Emmetropization, and Myopia: Evidence from Animal Models
4.3.1 Form-Deprivation Myopia
4.3.2 Lens Defocus Ametropias
4.3.3 Comparing Form-Deprivation and Lens Defocus
4.4 Other Visual Cues for Emmetropization
4.4.1 Retinal Physiology
4.4.2 Aberrations
4.4.3 Accommodation
4.4.4 Circadian Rhythms
4.5 Effects of Key Environmental Factors on Myopia
4.5.1 Near Work and Education
4.5.2 Urbanization
4.5.3 Light Exposure
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: The Genetics of Myopia
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heritability
5.3 Syndromic Myopia
5.4 Linkage Studies
5.5 Candidate Gene Studies
5.6 Genome-Wide Association Studies
5.7 Pathway Analysis Approaches
5.8 Next Generation Sequencing
5.9 Environmental Influences Through Genetics
5.10 Epigenetics
5.11 Implications for Clinical Management
5.12 Concluding Remarks
References
6: Risk Factors for Myopia: Putting Causal Pathways into a Social Context
6.1 Key Issues When Studying Risk Factors for Myopia
6.1.1 Myopia Is Etiologically Heterogeneous
6.1.2 Myopia Is a Developmental Condition
6.1.3 Cycloplegia and Definitions of Myopia: Important Methodological Issues
6.1.4 Myopia: The Importance of Causal Pathways
6.1.5 Statistical Analysis
6.2 The Main Risk Factors for "School Myopia": Education and Time Outdoors
6.2.1 The Search for Causal Mechanisms for Education
6.2.2 Protection by Time Outdoors
6.3 Other Possible Risk Factors for Myopia
6.3.1 Use of Computers and Smart Phones
6.3.2 Sex
6.3.3 Ethnicity
6.3.4 Parental Myopia
6.3.5 Intelligence
6.3.6 Urban/Rural Differences
6.3.7 Pollution
6.3.8 Housing
6.3.9 Height
6.3.10 Diet.
6.3.11 Sleep
6.3.12 Smoking
6.3.13 Birth Order
6.3.14 Season of Birth
6.3.15 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Hay Fever and Kawasaki Disease
6.3.16 Febrile Diseases
6.3.17 Fertility Treatment
6.4 Popular Beliefs About the Causes of Myopia
6.5 Comparing Genetic and Environmental Effects
6.6 Conclusions
References
7: Prevention of Myopia Onset
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Onset of Myopia
7.3 Increased Time Outdoors as an Intervention
7.4 Reduced Near Work Intensity as an Intervention
7.5 Optical Interventions
7.6 Eye Exercises of Acupoints
7.7 Future Prospects
References
8: Clinical Management and Control of Myopia in Children
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Near Activity and Accommodation
8.2.1 Bifocal and Progressive Addition Spectacles
8.2.2 Atropine
8.3 Peripheral Defocus
8.3.1 Peripheral Myopic Defocus Glasses
8.3.2 Bifocal or Dual-Focus Contact Lenses
8.3.3 Orthokeratology
8.4 Time Spent Outdoors
8.4.1 Environmental Interventions
8.4.2 Higher Light Intensities and Dopamine
8.5 Inheritance and Genetics of Myopia
8.6 Application to Clinical Practice
8.7 Conclusion
References
9: Understanding Pathologic Myopia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of Pathologic Myopia
9.3 Posterior Staphyloma
9.3.1 Definition of Staphyloma by Spaide (Fig. 9.1)
9.3.2 Detection of Posterior Staphyloma
9.3.3 Classification (Ohno-Matsui's Modified Classification, Fig. 9.3)
9.4 Fundus Complications of Pathologic Myopia
9.4.1 Myopic Chorioretinal Atrophy (META-PM Study, Table 9.1)
9.4.2 Diffuse Chorioretinal Atrophy (Category 2)
9.4.3 Patchy Chorioretinal Atrophy (Category 3)
9.4.4 Lacquer Cracks (Plus Sign)
9.4.5 Myopic CNV and CNV-Related Macular Atrophy
9.5 Myopic Macular Retinoschisis.
9.6 Dome-Shaped Macula (DSM)
References
10: Imaging in Myopia
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Disease Characteristics of Myopia
10.3 Key Structures Altered in Myopia and Pathological Myopia
10.3.1 Sclera and Collagen
10.3.2 Choroidal Changes
10.3.3 Bruch's Membrane and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Changes
10.4 Existing Imaging Modalities to Evaluate the Myopic Eye
10.4.1 Optical Coherence Tomography
10.4.2 Ultrasound
10.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
10.5 Challenges in Imaging of the Myopic Eye
10.5.1 Interaction Between Low- and High-Order Aberrations
10.5.2 Challenges in Imaging the Anterior Segment
10.5.3 Challenges in Imaging the Retina
10.5.4 Challenges in Imaging the Choroid and Sclera
10.5.5 Challenges in Imaging the Optic Nerve
10.6 Future Developments
References
11: Glaucoma in High Myopia
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Anatomy of the Optic Nerve Head in High Myopia
11.3 Increased Prevalence of Glaucoma in High Myopia and Associated Factors
11.4 Potential Reasons for the Association Between Glaucoma and High Myopia
11.5 Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma in High Myopia
11.6 Therapy of Glaucoma in High Myopia
References
12: Clinical Management of Myopia in Adults: Treatment of Retinal Complications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Surgical Procedures
12.2.1 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
12.2.1.1 Microincision Vitrectomy Surgery
12.2.1.2 Induction of Posterior Vitreous Detachment
12.2.1.3 Epiretinal Membrane Peeling
12.2.1.4 Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
Full-Thickness Macular Hole
Myopic Foveoschisis
12.2.1.5 Gas Tamponade
12.2.2 Additional Measures (Adjuncts) to Improve Outcome of Macular Hole Surgery
12.2.2.1 Endotamponade
12.2.2.2 Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap.
12.2.2.3 Autologous Internal Limiting Membrane Transplantation
12.2.2.4 Autologous Blood
12.2.2.5 Lens Capsular Flap Transplantation
12.2.2.6 Macular Buckle
12.2.2.7 Autologous Neurosensory Retinal Transplantation
12.3 Conclusion
References
13: Clinical Management of Myopia in Adults: Treatment of Myopic CNV
13.1 Disease Overview
13.2 Incidence and Prevalence
13.3 Natural History
13.4 Risk Factors
13.5 Pathogenesis
13.6 Diagnosis and Monitoring
13.7 Differential Diagnosis
13.7.1 Macular Hemorrhage Secondary to Lacquer Cracks (Fig. 13.2)
13.7.2 Inflammatory CNV
13.7.3 Dome-Shaped Maculopathy with Serous Detachment
13.8 Management
13.8.1 Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs
13.9 Ranibizumab
13.10 Aflibercept
13.11 Bevacizumab
13.12 Conbercept
13.13 Factors Related to Treatment Outcomes
13.14 Recurrence
13.15 Treatment Regimen and Follow-Up
13.16 Long-Term Outcomes
13.17 Conclusions
References
14: Optical Interventions for Myopia Control
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Spectacle Lenses
14.2.1 Under-Correction of Myopia
14.2.2 Bifocal or Multifocal Spectacles
14.3 Contact Lenses
14.3.1 Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses
14.3.2 Orthokeratology
14.3.3 Soft Bifocal and Multifocal Contact Lenses
14.4 Others: Outdoor Activities and Violet Light Transmitting Lenses
14.5 Comparison of the Effectiveness on Myopia Control by Different Optical Interventions
14.6 Conclusions
References
Correction to: Optical Interventions for Myopia Control
Correction to: M. Ang, T. Y. Wong (eds.), Updates on Myopia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2_14.

Updates on Myopia : A Clinical Perspective.

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