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Status and Dynamics of Forests in Germany : Results of the National Forest Monitoring.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Wellbrock, Nicole.
Other Authors: Bolte, Andreas.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Ecological Studies
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Chapter 1: Concept and Methodology of the National Forest Soil Inventory
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 The National Forest Soils Inventory as a Part of the Forest Monitoring in Germany
  • 1.3 Legal Framework
  • 1.4 Objectives and Key Questions
  • 1.5 Survey Parameters and Data Harmonization
  • 1.6 Inventory Design
  • 1.7 Soil Sampling
  • 1.7.1 National Forest Soils Inventory
  • 1.7.2 Level II
  • 1.8 Laboratory Analytics Quality Management
  • 1.9 Sample Preparation Methods
  • 1.10 Soil Physical Parameters
  • 1.11 Chemical Analysis of Soil and Humus
  • 1.12 Sampling of Leaves and Needles
  • 1.13 Chemical Analysis of Leaves and Needles
  • 1.14 Tree Crown Condition
  • 1.15 Critical Loads
  • 1.15.1 Critical Loads of Acidity
  • 1.15.2 Critical Loads of Nutrient Nitrogen for Soils
  • 1.15.3 Derivation of Input Data
  • 1.16 Atmospheric Deposition
  • 1.17 Statistics
  • 1.17.1 Weighting
  • 1.17.2 Basic Evaluations
  • 1.17.3 Challenges and Solutions
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Environmental Settings and Their Changes in the Last Decades
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Changes of Atmospheric Deposition on NFSI Plots
  • 2.3 Climate
  • 2.4 Soil Parent Material Groups
  • 2.5 Soil Classes
  • 2.6 Humus Forms
  • 2.7 Types of Depth Profiles of Base Saturation
  • 2.8 Acid-Sensitive Sites
  • 2.9 Forest Stands
  • 2.10 Classification of Forests Based on the Atmospheric Deposition
  • 2.11 Critical Loads for Eutrophication and Acidification and Their Exceedance
  • 2.11.1 Parameters for Critical Loads Calculation Derived from NFSI II Data
  • 2.11.2 Critical Limits and Critical Loads
  • 2.11.3 Exceedance of Critical Loads
  • 2.12 Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Soil Water Budget and Drought Stress
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Soil Properties as Input for Water Budget Modelling.
  • 3.2.1 Estimating Soil Hydraulic Functions Using Pedotransfer Functions
  • 3.2.1.1 Introduction
  • 3.2.1.2 Materials and Methods
  • 3.2.1.3 Results and Discussion
  • 3.2.1.4 Conclusions About Choosing the Appropriate Pedotransfer Function for the Water Budget Modelling
  • 3.3 Fine Root Distribution on NFSI Sites
  • 3.3.1 Fine Root Density Model
  • 3.3.2 Continuous Fine Root Distribution
  • 3.3.3 Effective Rooting Depth
  • 3.3.4 Effect of Stand Type, Soil Class and Acidification
  • 3.4 Modelling Dynamic Water Availability in Forests
  • 3.4.1 Model Description, Input Data, Parameterization and Target Variables
  • 3.4.1.1 Climate Data, Soil and Site
  • 3.4.1.2 Parameterization of the Vegetation
  • 3.4.1.3 Processing the Results
  • 3.4.2 Results
  • 3.5 Deriving the Risk for Drought Stress
  • 3.5.1 Characteristic Properties of Water Shortage
  • 3.5.2 Future Drought Trend
  • 3.6 Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Soil Acidification in German Forest Soils
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Acid-Base Status of German Forest Soils
  • 4.2.1 Soil Acidity
  • 4.2.2 Base Saturation
  • 4.2.3 Aqua Regia Extractable Ca Stocks
  • 4.2.4 Comparison with Long-term Studies on Soil Acidification
  • 4.2.5 Case Study on Soil Acidification in the State of Brandenburg
  • 4.3 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Nitrogen Status and Dynamics in German Forest Soils
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Nitrogen Stocks in Forest Soils
  • 5.2.1 Gradient of Nitrogen Stocks with Depth in the Soil Profile
  • 5.2.2 Nitrogen Stocks in the Organic Layer
  • 5.2.3 Nitrogen Stocks in the Soil Profile: Organic Layer-Maximum 90 cm
  • 5.2.4 C/N Ratios in the Top Soil
  • 5.2.5 Comparison to C/N Ratios of NFSI I
  • 5.3 Impact Factors
  • 5.3.1 Forest Type
  • 5.3.2 Parent Material and Soil Acidity
  • 5.3.3 Annual Mean Temperature
  • 5.3.4 Agricultural Land Use
  • 5.4 Nitrogen Stock Changes.
  • 5.4.1 Nitrogen Stock Difference on NFSI Plots
  • 5.4.2 Nitrogen Stock Difference on IFM Plots
  • 5.4.3 Nitrogen Balance Estimation
  • 5.4.3.1 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
  • 5.4.3.2 Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions
  • 5.4.3.3 Nitrogen Leaching
  • 5.4.3.4 Net Nitrogen Uptake for Different Harvest Scenarios
  • 5.4.3.5 Discussion of Estimated Balances
  • 5.5 Discussion of Methods
  • 5.5.1 Spatial Variability
  • 5.5.2 Uncertainty from Analytical Errors
  • 5.5.3 Treatment of Very Low Concentrations
  • 5.5.4 Plot Selection Effects
  • 5.6 Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Carbon Stocks and Carbon Stock Changes in German Forest Soils
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Carbon Stocks in German Forest Soils
  • 6.2.1 Carbon Stocks
  • 6.2.2 Organic Carbon Stock Changes in German Forest Soils
  • 6.2.3 Effects of Forest Stands and Parent Material on Carbon Stocks
  • 6.2.3.1 Forest Stands-Specific Carbon Stocks
  • 6.2.3.2 Organic Carbon Stocks of Different Soil Parent Materials
  • 6.2.3.3 Interactions Between Forest Stand Types and Soil Parent Material
  • 6.3 Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Environmental Factors on Carbon Stocks in Forest Soils
  • 6.4 Effects of Natural Environmental Factors
  • 6.5 Effects of Anthropogenic Factors
  • 6.5.1 Forest Stand Structure
  • 6.5.2 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
  • 6.5.3 Forest Liming
  • 6.6 Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Heavy Metal Stocks and Concentrations in Forest Soils
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Heavy Metal Stocks in the Organic Layer and Mineral Soil
  • 7.2.1 Status and Depth Gradients
  • 7.2.2 Spatial Distributions
  • 7.2.2.1 The Organic Layer
  • 7.2.2.2 Mineral Soil Layers
  • 7.2.3 Changes in Heavy Metal Stocks
  • 7.2.3.1 Impacts of Liming on Changes in Heavy Metal Stocks in the Organic Layer.
  • 7.2.3.2 Inventory Changes in the Soil (Organic Layer and Topsoil) Using the NFSI Plots in North Rhine-Westphalia
  • 7.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Organic Layer and Mineral Soil
  • 7.3.1 Spatial Distribution
  • 7.3.1.1 Organic Layer
  • 7.3.1.2 Mineral Soil
  • 7.3.2 Influence of the Parent Rock on Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Mineral Soil
  • 7.3.3 Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Mineral Soil
  • 7.4 Conclusions/Recommendations for Action
  • 7.5 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Selected Organic Substances in GermanysĖ Forest Soils
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Material and Methods
  • 8.2.1 Concentrations of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils
  • 8.2.2 Stocks of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils
  • 8.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils
  • 8.2.4 Environmental Factors for the Distribution of Organic Substances
  • 8.3 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Nutritional Status of Major Forest Tree Species in Germany
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Foliar Nitrogen Nutrition
  • 9.3 Foliar Phosphorus Nutrition of European Beech
  • 9.4 Foliar Sulphur Nutrition
  • 9.5 Effects of Liming
  • 9.6 Effectiveness of Air Quality Control Measures with Respect to Lead
  • 9.7 Ratios of Nutrient Contents from Needles of Different Ages (Norway Spruce and Scots Pine)
  • 9.8 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Plants as Indicators of Soil Chemical Properties
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Climate, Soil, and Vegetation Data
  • 10.3 Environmental Impact on Species Composition
  • 10.4 Modelling Species Response to Soil Properties
  • 10.5 Predicting Soil Properties by Species Composition
  • 10.6 The WeiWIS Indicator System
  • 10.7 Discussion
  • 10.8 Conclusions
  • References.
  • Chapter 11: Spatial Response Patterns in Biotic Reactions of Forest Trees and Their Associations with Environmental Variables ...
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 The Secondary Growth Response to Drought
  • 11.3 Defoliation Development Types and Associated Risk Factors
  • 11.3.1 Defining Age-Independent Defoliation Development Types
  • 11.3.2 Variables Associated with Defoliation
  • 11.3.2.1 Time Series
  • 11.3.2.2 NFSI Period
  • 11.3.3 Integrated Analysis of Defoliation Development Types and Associated Variables
  • 11.4 Defining Forest Nutrition Types
  • 11.5 Combined Defoliation Development Types and Nutrition Types
  • 11.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 12: Sustainable Use and Development of Forests and Forest Soils: A Resume
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Clean Air Policies and Forest Liming Take Effect Against Soil Acidification
  • 12.3 Nitrogen Eutrophication Remains Challenging
  • 12.4 Nutrient Sustainability Limits Biomass Harvest Options
  • 12.5 Forest Soils Absorb Heavy Metals
  • 12.6 Organic Pollutants (POPs) Persist Long Term in Forest Soils
  • 12.7 Carbon Sequestration in Forest Soil Supports Climate Protection
  • 12.8 Atmospheric Pollution Interacts with Climate Change Impacts
  • 12.9 Forest Transformation Affects Forest Soils Positively
  • 12.10 Conclusions and Outlook
  • References
  • Appendix
  • Index.

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