Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity : Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy and Spain.
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham :
Springer International Publishing AG,
2019.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Series: | IMISCOE Research Series
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 What Is Irregularity?
- 1.2 Multiple Contexts of Reception, Complex Configurations of Legal Status, and the Consequences of Irregularity
- 1.3 Variation in Legal Contexts of Reception Is Crucial for Understanding the Pathways into and Consequences of Irregularity
- 1.4 Simplified Operationalizations of Legal Status Hamper Understanding of Irregularity
- 1.5 So What? When, How, and Why Does Irregularity Matter?
- 1.6 Senegal as a Strategic Site for Migration Research
- 1.7 The Migration Between Africa and Europe (MAFE) Project
- 1.7.1 Sampling Design of the MAFE Project
- 1.7.2 MAFE Questionnaires
- 1.7.3 Advantages of the MAFE Data
- Inclusion of Regular and Irregular Migrants
- Longitudinal Measurement of Legal Status
- Comparability of Legal Statuses
- 1.7.4 Limitations of the MAFE Data
- Sample Size
- Recall Bias
- Time Resolution
- Standardization of Heterogeneous Legal Statuses
- The Murkiness of Legal Status
- References
- Chapter 2: Evolution of Immigration-Control Policies in France, Italy, and Spain
- 2.1 Policy Evolution in Multiple Contexts of Reception
- 2.2 France
- 2.2.1 Colonial "Assimilation" and Citizenship
- 2.2.2 Link Between Colonial-Era Policies and Migration
- 2.2.3 Post-War Reconstruction and the Importation of Foreign Labor
- The General Regime of the Ordinance of 1945
- Decolonization and the Creation of a Preferential Regime
- 2.2.4 The 1960s: The Special Regime of the Bilateral Accord and Widespread Irregularity
- Senegalese Independence, the Preferential Regime, and "Immigration Sauvage"
- The General Regime: Post-facto Regularization as the Norm
- The End of Regularization and the Suspension of Labor Immigration.
- 2.2.5 The 1970s: The "Closing" of the French Border and the Erosion of the Bilateral Accord
- Establishment of the Carte de Séjour Requirements for Senegalese
- 2.2.6 The 1980s: Immigration Policy as a Political Football and Consensus in Border Security
- 2.2.7 Visa Requirements for Senegalese and the Re-negotiated Bilateral Accord of 1995
- Unilateral Imposition of Visa Requirements in 1986
- New Bilateral Accord
- 2.2.8 The 1990s: Pasqua, Debré, and the Sans-Papiers Movement
- 2.2.9 The 2000s: Selective Immigration and Coordinated Migration Management
- 2.3 Senegalese Migration to New Destinations in Southern Europe
- 2.4 Italy
- 2.4.1 Pre-1986: Italian Emigration and the Fragmentation of Immigration Policy
- Mechanisms of Internal Control
- Mechanisms of External Control
- 2.4.2 1986-1998: National-Level Immigration Policy and "Moral Panic"
- 2.4.3 The 2000s: "Strong Restrictive Ambition"
- 2.5 Spain
- 2.5.1 1970s-1999: European Integration
- 2.5.2 2000-2008: Rights and Freedoms of Foreigners, Alien Affairs, and Plan África
- The Arrival of the Cayucos in the Canary Islands and Spain's "Plan África"
- 2.6 Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 3: Pathways into Irregular Legal Status of Senegalese Migrants France, Italy, and Spain
- 3.1 Conceptual Approaches to Irregularity
- 3.1.1 The Legal and Social Production of Irregularity
- 3.1.2 Multidimensionality of Irregularity
- 3.1.3 Incomplete State Control and Migrant Agency
- 3.1.4 Pathways into Irregularity
- Geographic Flows into Irregularity and Mechanisms of External Control: No-Visa Entry
- Status Flows into Irregularity and Mechanisms of Internal Control: Overstaying and Befallen Irregularity
- 3.2 Hypotheses
- 3.3 Data and Methods
- 3.3.1 Sample
- 3.3.2 Legal Status Variables
- 3.3.3 Predictor Variables
- 3.3.4 Models
- No-Visa Entry
- Overstaying.
- Befallen Irregularity
- Estimation and Presentation of Models
- 3.4 Results
- 3.4.1 No-Visa Entry
- 3.4.2 Pathway: Overstaying
- 3.4.3 Pathway: Befallen Irregularity
- 3.5 Discussion
- 3.6 Conclusion
- Appendix: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models of Pathways into Irregularity
- References
- Chapter 4: Legal Status, Gender, and Economic Incorporation of Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy, and Spain
- 4.1 Gendered Channels of Migration: Family Reunification, Legal Status, and Dependency
- 4.1.1 Reunification and Gendered Economic and Administrative Dependency
- 4.1.2 Family Reunification Regimes and Configurations of Legal Status
- 4.2 Reunified Women and the Labor Market
- 4.3 Limitations of Existing Research
- 4.3.1 Assuming Participation: Undocumented Status and Wages in the US
- 4.3.2 Ethnic Penalties on Employment in Europe, but Limited Measures of Legal Status
- 4.4 Gender Norms, Family Reunification, and Work Among Senegalese Migrants
- 4.5 Hypotheses
- 4.6 Data and Methods
- 4.6.1 The Analytic Sample
- 4.6.2 Outcome Variables
- Economic Activity
- 4.6.3 Predictor Variables
- Legal Status and Context of Reception
- Location of Spouse/Partner
- Human, Social, and Migration-Specific Capital
- Context of Exit
- 4.6.4 Models
- First-Year Economic Activity
- Transitions into and out of Employment
- 4.7 Results
- 4.7.1 Gender, Partner Location, and Legal Status
- 4.7.2 First-Year Economic Activity
- 4.7.3 Transitions out of Employment for Men
- 4.7.4 Transitions into Employment for Women
- 4.8 Discussion
- 4.9 Conclusion
- Appendix: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models in this Chapter
- References
- Chapter 5: Legal Status, Territorial Confinement, and Transnational Activities of Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy, and Spain
- 5.1 Types of Transnational Activities.
- 5.2 The Role of the State in Migrant Transnational Activities
- 5.3 Homeland Visits and Territorial Confinement of Migrants with Irregular Status
- 5.4 Blocked Transnationalism and Structural Exclusion
- 5.5 Affective Ties, Homeland Visits, and Non-mobile Transnational Activities
- 5.6 Caging Non-mobile Transnational Activities
- 5.7 Transnational Activities of Senegalese Migrants
- 5.8 Hypotheses
- 5.9 Data and Methods
- 5.9.1 Data Source
- 5.9.2 The Analytic Sample
- 5.9.3 Outcome Variables
- 5.9.4 Predictor Variables
- 5.9.5 Models
- 5.9.6 Estimating Indirect Effects in a Non-linear Framework
- 5.10 Results
- 5.10.1 Descriptive Results
- 5.10.2 Multivariate Results
- Hypothesis 1: Territorial Confinement
- Short Returns
- Hypothesis 2: Blocked Transnationalism/Structural Exclusion
- Remitting
- Investing
- HTA Participation
- Hypothesis 3: Maintenance of Affective Ties
- Direct Effect of Short Returns on Non-mobile Transnational Activities
- Direct Effect of Other Affective Ties (Spouse, Children, Other Family Ties)
- Direct Effect of Other Circulation-Related Variables
- Hypothesis 4: Caging and Indirect Effects of Legal Status Via Short Returns
- 5.11 Discussion
- 5.12 Conclusion
- Appendices
- Appendix A: Wording of Questions on Transnational Activities in MAFE-Senegal Questionnaire
- Appendix B: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models from this Chapter
- References
- Chapter 6: Conclusion
- 6.1 Evolution of Immigration-Control Policies in France, Italy, and Spain
- 6.2 Pathways into Irregular Legal Status
- 6.3 Legal Status, Gender, and Labor Market Incorporation
- 6.4 Legal Status and Transnational Activities
- 6.5 What Is Irregularity and Why Does It Matter?
- 6.6 Implications for Policy
- 6.6.1 The Unintended Consequences of Immigration Policy.
- 6.6.2 Co-development, Veiled Restriction, and the African "Capacity Crisis"
- References
- Correction to: Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity
- Correction to: E. R. Vickstrom, Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity, IMISCOE Research Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12088-7.