Table of Contents: Buruli Ulcer :

Buruli Ulcer : Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Pluschke, Gerd.
Other Authors:	Röltgen, Katharina.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Preface
Contents
Buruli Ulcer: History and Disease Burden
Buruli Ulcer in Africa
1 Introduction
2 Management of BU in Africa
2.1 Structure of Health Systems in Africa and Implications for the Management of BU
2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of BU
3 Geographical Distribution of BU: Reporting of Cases Versus Actual Situation in Africa
4 Distribution of BU Among Affected Populations in Africa
5 The Etiology of BU in Africa
6 Future Perspectives
References
Buruli Ulcer in Australia
1 Bairnsdale Ulcer and the Discovery of Mycobacterium ulcerans
2 Buruli Ulcer in Queensland
3 Buruli Ulcer in Victoria
4 Buruli Ulcer in Animals in Victoria
5 Recent Epidemiology of Buruli Ulcer in Victoria
6 Clinical Management of Buruli Ulcer in Australia
7 Buruli Ulcer: The Australian Paradox
References
Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in French Guiana
Current State of Knowledge
1 Introduction
2 Links Between the Human Host and the Bacteria
2.1 Risk Factors of BU in French Guiana
2.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of BU in French Guiana
2.3 A Link Between Rainfall and BU Cases
2.4 Genetic Diversity of M. ulcerans Among Local BU Cases
3 Environment and the Bacteria
3.1 First Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA in Environmental Samples from French Guiana
3.2 Biodiversity Drivers of M. ulcerans Distribution Across Freshwater Habitats
4 Conclusion
References
Buruli Ulcer in Japan
1 Epidemiology and Bacteriological and Genomic Features of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense
1.1 Epidemiology
1.2 Genome
1.3 Biochemical Properties
2 Clinical Features and Treatment of BU in Japan
2.1 Antimicrobial Treatment
2.2 Alternative Treatments of BU
2.3 Other Suggested Therapies.
3 M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in the Environment of Japan
3.1 Detection of Environmental M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in Japan
3.2 Seasonal Variation of BU in Japan
3.3 PCR Detection of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense DNA in the Environment
4 BU in Asia and Future Perspectives
4.1 BU in China
4.2 Toward Detection of BU in Other Asian Countries
References
Population Genomics and Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans
1 First Insights from the Complete Genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans
2 An Aquatic Origin and Two Bottlenecks for a Recently Emerged, and Globally Distributed Pathogen
3 New Understandings from Genomics on the Spread of M. ulcerans Across Africa
4 Genomic Approaches to Micro-Molecular Epidemiological Investigations of BU
5 Distinguishing Relapse from Reinfection and Familial Studies
6 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
Mycolactone: More than Just a Cytotoxin
1 Mycolactone and BU Disease
1.1 Pharmacodistribution
1.2 Mycolactone Contribution to BU Disease Manifestations
1.2.1 Pathogenesis and Histopathology of BU Lesions
1.2.2 Local Analgesia
1.2.3 Local and Systemic Immunomodulation
2 Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Action
2.1 Sec61 Blockade
2.2 AT2R Stimulation
2.3 N-WASP Activation
3 Conclusions
References
The Immunology of Buruli Ulcer
1 Buruli Ulcer: The First Histological Observations of a Necrotic Track
2 Host Attempts to Control Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
2.1 Local Immune Response
2.2 Regional and Systemic Responses
3 Diagnostics Research Make it Evident: The Triggering of Cellular and Humoral Arms
4 Antibiotic Treatment in the Aid of the Host Immune Response
5 Epidemiological Clues and the Search for Novel Resistance and Susceptibility Markers.
6 (Un)successful Preventive Approaches
7 Novel Models for Investigation and Future Perspectives
8 Conclusions
References
Buruli Ulcer in Animals and Experimental Infection Models
1 Naturally Infected Animals
2 The Mouse (Mus musculus) Model
2.1 History of the BU Mouse Model
2.2 Experimental Infection of the Mouse
2.2.1 Infection Sites
2.2.2 Mouse Strains
2.2.3 Mycobacterial Strains Used for Experimental Infection
2.2.4 Dose and Preparation of the Bacterial Inocula
2.2.5 Infection Outcomes and What to Measure
2.3 Research Applications for the Mouse Model
2.3.1 Antimicrobial Compound Testing
2.3.2 Vaccine Development
2.3.3 Study of the Pathogenesis of Buruli Ulcer and the Immune Response to the Disease
3 Other Animal Models
3.1 Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
3.2 Pig (Sus scrofa)
3.3 Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus)
3.4 Anole Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
3.5 Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
3.6 Cynomologus Monkey (Maca fascicularis)
3.7 African Rat (Mastomys natalensis)
3.8 Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
4 Conclusions
References
Laboratory Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer: Challenges and Future Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Currently Available Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
2.1 Specimen Collection and Reference Standards
2.2 IS2404 PCR: The Current Gold Standard
2.3 Detection of AFBs by Microscopy: A Test for the Primary Healthcare Level with Limited Sensitivity
2.4 Considerations on the Accuracy of IS2404 qPCR and AFB Detection by Microscopy: Direct Comparison of the Two Techniques
2.5 Histopathology and Cultivation of M. ulcerans: Research Tools Rather than Diagnostic Tests
2.6 From Theory into Practice: Diagnosis of BU in Resource-Constrained Endemic Countries.
3 Development of BU Diagnostics for District Hospital or Primary Healthcare Facility Level
3.1 LAMP: An Alternative for the Detection of M. ulcerans DNA
3.2 Detection of Mycolactone by f-TLC: Struggling with the Complexity of Lipid Extracts
3.3 Serological Tests: Only Suitable for Seroepidemiological Studies
3.4 Detection of Mycolactone and M. ulcerans Proteins by Antigen Detection Assays: Prospects for the Development of an RDT
4 Discussion
5 Outlook
References
Antimicrobial Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
1 Historical Aspects
2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility of M. ulcerans
2.1 Ansamycins/Rifamycins
2.2 Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin
2.3 Amikacin
2.4 Macrolides: Clarithromycin
2.5 Azithromycin
2.6 Fluoroquinolones
2.7 Clofazimine
2.8 Dapsone
2.9 Doxycycline
2.10 Oxazolidinones
2.11 Avermectins
2.12 Trimethoprim and Epiroprim
3 Experimental Drugs
4 Clinical Studies
4.1 Secondary Infection
4.2 HIV Co-infection
5 Conclusions
Areas of Uncertainty
and Future Directions
References
Thermotherapy of Buruli Ulcer
References
Secondary Infection of Buruli Ulcer Lesions
1 Background
2 Bacterial Species Associated with Secondary Infections
2.1 Species Diversity
3 Bacterial Burden
4 Diagnosing Secondary Infection in BU
5 Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from BU Lesions
6 Molecular Epidemiology
6.1 Sources of Infection
7 Predisposing Socio-Economic Factors
8 Prevention of Secondary Infection
9 Wound Care
References
Management of BU-HIV Co-infection
1 Epidemiology
2 Clinical Effects of BU-HIV Co-Infection
3 Diagnosis
4 Management of BU-HIV Co-Infection
4.1 BU Treatment
4.2 HIV Treatment
4.3 HIV and BU Treatment Interactions.
4.4 Children
4.5 Tuberculosis
4.6 Service Provision
References
Social Science Contributions to BU Focused Health Service Research in West-Africa
1 Introduction
2 Part One
2.1 Predisposing Factors: Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality, Social Stigma, and Preference for Traditional Healing
2.1.1 Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality
Benin
Cameroon
Ghana
2.1.2 Stigma and Social Risk
2.1.3 Traditional Healers
Enabling Factors
2.2 Service Level Factors Affecting Health Care Seeking and Treatment Adherence
3 Part Two: Social Science Inspired Interventions
3.1 Outreach Education
3.2 Introducing Decentralized BU Care in Ouinhi, Benin
3.3 Establishing a BU Community of Practice: Cameroon
3.4 Yaws Cases Identified as a Result of BU Outreach in Cameroon: A Case for Integrated Skin Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Programs
3.5 BU Children's Support Group Ghana
3.6 Mhealth as a Tool in Monitoring BU Healing in Ghana
3.7 Transforming a BU Hospital into a Therapeutic Community for Inpatients
4 Conclusion
References
Transdisciplinary Research and Action to Stop Buruli Ulcer: A case Study from Philanthropy
1 Introduction
2 The Beginnings: Six Reasons Why
2.1 Reason #1: Lack of Funding Incentives
2.2 Reason #2: A Disease of Social Justice
2.3 Reason #3: A Disease with Devastating Consequences
2.4 Reason #4: The Pioneer Effect
2.5 Reason #5: Existing Critical Mass of Researchers and Implementing Agencies
2.6 Reason #6: Scalability and Uptake
2.7 Stop Buruli Initiative
3 The Model: Transdisciplinary Research and Implementation
4 Key Elements for Advancing Transdisciplinarity
4.1 Transdisciplinarity Does Not 'Just Happen'
4.2 Governance Model
5 Results
5.1 Diagnosis
5.2 Treatment
5.3 Transmission.
5.4 Socio-Cultural Aspects.

Buruli Ulcer : Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease.

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