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Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Yang, Liang Emlyn.
Other Authors: Bork, Hans-Rudolf., Fang, Xiuqi., Mischke, Steffen.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword I
  • Foreword II
  • Foreword III
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • Major Contributing Authors
  • Reviewers
  • Introduction
  • 1 On the Paleo-climatic/Environmental Impacts and Socio-Cultural System Resilience along the Historical Silk Road
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Paleo-climatic/Environmental Changes and Impacts along the Historical Silk Road
  • 1.2.1 The Physical Geography and Environmental Conditions
  • 1.2.2 Paleo-climatic/Environmental Changes and Social Impacts
  • 1.3 Socio-Cultural Dynamics and Resilience in a Historical Perspective
  • 1.3.1 Socio-Cultural Features and Exchanges along the Silk Road Areas
  • 1.3.2 Resilience of the Socio-Cultural Systems
  • 1.4 Book Overview and Key Messages
  • 1.4.1 Coverage of the Book
  • 1.4.2 Key Messages from the Book
  • 1.5 Summary and Outlook
  • References
  • Landscape Evolutions in the Human-Environment System
  • 2 Evolution of Saline Lakes in the Guanzhong Basin During the Past 2000 Years: Inferred from Historical Records
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Regional Setting
  • 2.3 Materials and Methods
  • 2.4 Results
  • 2.4.1 Lake Yanchize in Fuping County
  • 2.4.2 Lakes Dongluchi and Xiluchi in Pucheng County
  • 2.4.3 Lake Zhuyanze in Lintong County
  • 2.4.4 Lake Xiaoyanchi in Dali County
  • 2.5 Discussions
  • 2.5.1 Causes of the Degradation and Desiccation of the Saline Lakes
  • 2.5.2 Relationship with the Sanmen Paleo-Lake
  • 2.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 3 Landscape Response to Climate and Human Impact in Western China During the Han Dynasty
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Previous Research
  • 3.3 Discussion of Climate Records from Northwestern China and Surrounding Regions
  • 3.3.1 Lake Records from the West
  • 3.3.2 Lake Records from the Central Region
  • 3.3.3 Lake Records from the East
  • 3.3.4 Speleothem Records
  • 3.3.5 Ice Core Records.
  • 3.4 Lake Records Which Indicate Significant Drying During or After the Han Dynasty
  • 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
  • References
  • 4 The Ili River Delta: Holocene Hydrogeological Evolution and Human Colonization
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 The Ili Delta
  • 4.2.1 General Features
  • 4.2.2 Geological History
  • 4.3 Archaeological Data and Ethnographic Accounts Concerning the Southern Balkhash Territory
  • 4.3.1 Archaeological Complex
  • 4.3.2 Ethnographic Accounts
  • 4.4 Geoarchaeological Study and Chronological Attribution of the Human Occupation of the Ili Delta
  • 4.4.1 Research Projects, Area and Methodology
  • 4.4.2 Research Results
  • 4.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 5 Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact on Aral Sea Levels by Anthropogenic Water Withdrawal and Syr Darya Course Diversion During the Medieval Period (1.0-0.8 ka BP)
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Regressions of the Aral Sea During the Last 2000 Years
  • 5.2.1 Modern Crisis and Parameters of the Aral Sea and Its Feeding Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers
  • 5.2.2 Historical Water Level Fluctuations of the Aral Sea
  • 5.2.3 Causes
  • 5.3 Medieval Water Withdrawal: Research Methods
  • 5.4 Medieval Water Withdrawal: Research Results
  • 5.4.1 The Urban Complexes of the Syr Darya Basin
  • 5.4.2 Coefficient of Water Use in the Otrar Oasis in X-XII AD
  • 5.4.3 Annual Water Withdrawal in the Syr Darya Basin During the X-XII AD
  • 5.4.4 Total Annual Water Withdrawal in the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Basins During X-XII AD
  • 5.5 Discussion
  • 5.5.1 Controlling Factors of the Aral Sea Water Balance During X-XII AD
  • 5.5.2 Water Diversion Events Along the Syr Darya Course
  • 5.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 6 Reconsidering Archaeological and Environmental Proxies for Long Term Human-Environment Interactions in the Valley of Kashmir
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Valley of Kashmir.
  • 6.2.1 Geographic and Climatic Context
  • 6.2.2 Archaeological and Historical Context
  • 6.2.3 Holocene Palaeoclimate
  • 6.3 Human-Environment Interaction in Kashmir
  • 6.3.1 Previous Studies
  • 6.3.2 Kashmir as Ecological Niche
  • 6.3.3 Conceptualising Long Term Human-Environment Interaction in Kashmir
  • 6.4 Conclusions
  • 6.4.1 Discussion
  • 6.4.2 Future Prospects-Pari-Has
  • References
  • Natural Disasters and Impacts in the Past Societies
  • 7 Living with Earthquakes along the Silk Road
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Seismicity Along the Silk Road
  • 7.3 Archeoseismology and Other Seismologies
  • 7.4 Construction Materials in Earthquake-Resistant Techniques
  • 7.4.1 Yurt
  • 7.4.2 Rammed Earth, Adobe
  • 7.4.3 Wood
  • 7.4.4 Wood-Reinforced Masonry
  • 7.4.5 Brick Bands
  • 7.4.6 Metal Clamps, Bolts, Anchors and Chains
  • 7.4.7 Interlocking Masonry
  • 7.4.8 Roman Concrete
  • 7.5 Discussion
  • 7.5.1 Social Memory of Calamities
  • 7.5.2 Anti-seismic Construction Practices
  • 7.5.3 Earthquake-Resistant Construction Without Apparent Need
  • 7.5.4 Traditional Good Practices and Modern Construction
  • 7.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 8 Natural Disasters in the History of the Eastern Turk Empire
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Methods
  • 8.3 The Influence of Climate Extremes on the History of the Eastern Turk Empire in AD 536-685
  • 8.3.1 Climate Extremes of AD 536-545
  • 8.3.2 Climate Extremes of AD 581-583
  • 8.3.3 Climatic Extremes of AD 599-601
  • 8.3.4 Climatic Extremes of AD 627-630
  • 8.3.5 Climatic Extremes of AD 679-685
  • 8.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 9 Dry and Humid Periods Reconstructed from Tree Rings in the Former Territory of Sogdiana (Central Asia) and Their Socio-economic Consequences over the Last Millennium
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Description of the Study Area
  • 9.2.1 Regional Settings
  • 9.2.2 Climate of the Study Area.
  • 9.3 Materials and Methods
  • 9.3.1 Tree Ring Sampling and Development of Chronologies
  • 9.3.2 Climatological Data and Dendroclimatic Methods
  • 9.4 Results and Discussion
  • 9.4.1 Characteristics of Tree-Ring Chronology and Its Response to Climate
  • 9.4.2 Moisture Changes in the Last Millennium
  • 9.4.3 Socio-economic Changes During the Past Millennium
  • 9.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 10 A Drought Reconstruction from the Low-Elevation Juniper Forest of  Northwestern Kyrgyzstan since CE 1565
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Data and Methods
  • 10.2.1 Study Area
  • 10.2.2 Tree-Ring Width Chronology Development
  • 10.2.3 Statistical Analysis
  • 10.3 Results
  • 10.3.1 Tree-Ring Width Chronology Response to Climate and SPEI Reconstruction
  • 10.3.2 The Drought Characteristics of Northwestern Kyrgyzstan
  • 10.4 Discussion
  • 10.4.1 Comparisons with Other Drought Reconstructions
  • 10.4.2 Current and Historical Drought Perspectives
  • 10.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Climatic Factors in the Transitions of Social Systems
  • 11 Social Impacts of Climate Change in Historical China
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Concept Model: Impact-Response Processes of Climate Change Under the Framework of Food Security
  • 11.3 Methodology: Quantifying Historical Social and Economic Series Based on Semantic Differential Over the Past 2000 Years in China
  • 11.4 Scientific Understanding: The Macroscopic Rhythm of Climate and Social-Economic Changes
  • 11.5 Conclusions and Prospects
  • References
  • 12 Climate Change and the Rise of the Central Asian Silk Roads
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Methods
  • 12.2.1 Climate Model
  • 12.2.2 Methodology
  • 12.2.3 Boundary Conditions
  • 12.3 Modelling Results
  • 12.4 Discussion
  • 12.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 13 The Coming of the Barbarians: Can Climate Explain the Saljūqs' Advance?
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Ecological Frontiers.
  • 13.3 Sources
  • 13.4 The Coming of the Saljūqs
  • 13.5 Climatological Determinism?
  • 13.6 A Revisionist Approach
  • 13.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • 14 Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of the Oxus Civilization in Southern Central Asia
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Short Note on the Geography of Southern Central Asia and Northern Iran
  • 14.3 The Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)
  • 14.4 The Fall? Overview of the End of the Oxus Civilization
  • 14.5 The Environmental Hypothesis as Responsible for the Changes of the Oxus Civilization
  • 14.6 The Palaeoclimate Data
  • 14.7 Geomorphological Studies
  • 14.8 Discussion
  • 14.8.1 A Present Lack of Correlation Between the Environmental Data and the Sociocultural Evolution
  • 14.8.2 Resilience and Adaptations of the Populations to Climate Variation
  • 14.8.3 Convergence of Multiple Causes
  • 14.9 Conclusion
  • References
  • 15 Climatic and Environmental Limiting Factors in the Mongol Empire's Westward Expansion: Exploring Causes for the Mongol Withdrawal from Hungary in 1242
  • 15.1 Introduction
  • 15.1.1 Background
  • 15.1.2 State of the Art and Research Questions
  • 15.2 Methodology
  • 15.2.1 A Comparative Historical Approach
  • 15.3 Discussions
  • 15.3.1 The Question of Hungary's "Suitability" Within the Mongol Empire: Before and After the Withdrawal of 1242
  • 15.3.2 The Issue of the 1242-1243 Famine in Hungary and Its Causes
  • 15.3.3 Local Resistance and the Possibility of Diminished Military Capacity as a Result of Climate in 1242
  • 15.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • Social Adaptation and Resilience to Environmental Stresses
  • 16 Resilience of the Human-Water System at the Southern Silk Road: A Case Study of the Northern Catchment of Erhai Lake, China (1382-1912)
  • 16.1 Introduction
  • 16.1.1 Relationships Between Human and Water in the Long Historical Period.
  • 16.1.2 Resilience Theory in Human-Water Relationships.

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