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The European Landing Obligation : Reducing Discards in Complex, Multi-Species and Multi-Jurisdictional Fisheries.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Uhlmann, Sven Sebastian.
Other Authors: Ulrich, Clara., Kennelly, Steven J.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • References
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • Part I: Global and European Perspectives on Discard Policies
  • Chapter 1: Strategies Used Throughout the World to Manage Fisheries Discards - Lessons for Implementation of the EU Landing Ob...
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Case Studies
  • 1.2.1 Norway
  • 1.2.2 Iceland
  • 1.2.3 USA
  • 1.2.4 Chile
  • 1.2.5 Argentina
  • 1.2.6 Australia
  • 1.2.7 New Zealand
  • 1.2.8 Asia
  • 1.2.8.1 Southeast Asia
  • 1.2.8.2 India
  • 1.2.9 Africa
  • 1.3 Discussion: What Makes a Discard Mitigation Policy Work?
  • 1.3.1 Fisheries with a Focus on Reducing Unwanted Catches
  • 1.3.2 High Utilisation Fisheries
  • 1.4 Lessons Learned
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Discards in the Common Fisheries Policy: The Evolution of the Policy
  • 2.1 Introduction: Historical Background
  • 2.1.1 Discards in the Common Fishery Policy
  • 2.1.2 The Communications of 2007 and 2011
  • 2.2 The Landing Obligation and the CFP Reform of 2013
  • 2.2.1 Why a Ban on Discards? The Proposal by the European Commission
  • 2.2.2 The Debate with the Council of the EU and the European Parliament
  • 2.2.3 The Flexibility Mechanisms
  • 2.2.3.1 The de minimis Allowance
  • 2.2.3.2 The High Survival Exemption
  • 2.2.3.3 The Inter-Stock Flexibility
  • 2.2.4 What to Do with the Unwanted Fish?
  • 2.3 Implementation
  • 2.3.1 The Flexibility Mechanisms
  • 2.3.2 Predator-Damaged Fish
  • 2.3.3 Discard Plans and Minimum Sizes
  • 2.3.3.1 Discard Plans
  • 2.3.3.2 Reduction of Minimum Sizes
  • 2.3.4 Additional Regulatory Mechanism: TACs and Prohibited Species
  • 2.3.4.1 TAC Footnotes
  • 2.3.4.2 TAC Increases
  • 2.3.4.3 TACs Suppression
  • 2.3.4.4 Zero TACs
  • 2.3.5 Prohibited Species List
  • 2.3.6 Technical Measures
  • 2.3.7 Multiannual Management Plans
  • 2.3.7.1 FMSY Upper Range
  • 2.3.7.2 Target and Bycatch Species.
  • 2.3.8 Monitoring, Control and Enforcement
  • 2.3.8.1 Postponement of Serious Infringement
  • 2.3.8.2 Reporting on the Implementation of the LO
  • 2.3.8.3 Revision of the Control Regulation
  • 2.4 Future Perspectives
  • 2.4.1 Facilitating Implementation
  • 2.4.2 Possible Legislative Changes?
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Requirements for Documentation, Data Collection and Scientific Evaluations
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 High Survival Exemption
  • 3.2.1 Description of the Evidence
  • 3.2.2 Evidence Collected So Far
  • 3.2.3 Review of the Evidence
  • 3.3 De Minimis
  • 3.3.1 Description of the Evidence
  • 3.3.2 Evidence Collected So Far
  • 3.3.3 Review of the Evidence
  • 3.4 Impact of the Landing Obligation on the Scientific Advice on Fishing Opportunities
  • 3.4.1 ICES Advice
  • 3.4.2 TAC Uplifts
  • 3.5 Annual Reporting
  • 3.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • Part II: Potential Social, Economic and Ecological Impacts of the Landing Obligation
  • Chapter 4: Fishing Industry Perspectives on the EU Landing Obligation
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 European Fishing Industry Engagement with the Discard Issue up to the LO
  • 4.3 Fishing Industry Stakeholders ́Opinions of the LO
  • 4.3.1 Knowledge of the Landing Obligation and Participation in the Implementation Process
  • 4.3.2 Impacts of the Landing Obligation
  • 4.3.3 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
  • 4.3.4 Control and Monitoring
  • 4.3.5 Industry-Science Collaboration
  • 4.3.6 Opposition to the LO
  • 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 5: The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries of Southern European Union Countries
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 The Status of Discards in Small-Scale Fisheries
  • 5.3 Impacts of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries
  • 5.3.1 France
  • 5.3.2 Greece
  • 5.3.3 Portugal
  • 5.3.3.1 The Beach Seine Fishery.
  • 5.3.3.2 The Deep-water Hook-and-Line Fishery in Azores
  • 5.3.4 Spain
  • 5.3.4.1 Small-Scale Fisheries in Catalonia
  • 5.3.4.2 The Gillnet Fishery in Galicia
  • 5.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Potential Economic Consequences of the Landing Obligation
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 What Can the Literature of Economics Tell Us?
  • 6.3 The European Case Study Fisheries
  • 6.3.1 Mitigation Strategies
  • 6.3.2 The Model Tools
  • 6.4 Results
  • 6.5 Summary and Policy Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 7: The Impact of Fisheries Discards on Scavengers in the Sea
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Field Observations of Discard-Scavenger Interactions
  • 7.2.1 Methodological Approach
  • 7.2.1.1 List of Observational Studies
  • 7.2.1.2 Review of Empirical Information and Observational Studies
  • 7.2.2 Identification of Scavenging Taxa
  • 7.2.2.1 Observational Studies
  • 7.2.2.2 Commercial Baited Fisheries
  • 7.2.3 Assessing Scavenger Abilities
  • 7.2.3.1 Encounter Probability: Home Range
  • 7.2.3.2 Encounter Probability: Detection Ability
  • 7.2.3.3 Encounter Probability: Locomotion
  • 7.2.3.4 Encounter Probability: Metabolism
  • 7.2.3.5 Handling Tactics: Competitive Abilities
  • 7.2.3.6 Handling Tactics: Facilitation
  • 7.2.4 Towards Identification of the Most Likely Discard-Consumer Candidates
  • 7.3 Modelling Approaches to Discard-Scavenger Interactions
  • 7.3.1 Materials and Methods
  • 7.3.2 Results
  • 7.3.2.1 The Flow of Discards Into the Environment
  • 7.3.2.2 Effect of Removing Discards on the Ecosystem
  • 7.3.3 Discussion
  • 7.4 Synthesis and Outlook
  • References
  • Part III: Cultural, Institutional and Multi-Jurisdictional Challenges
  • Chapter 8: How the Implementation of the Landing Obligation Was Weakened
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 The Omnibus Regulation 2013-2015
  • 8.3 High Survival - A Concept Undefined by Decision Makers.
  • 8.4 The Drafting of Discard Plans
  • 8.5 Data Collection and Reporting Requirements Under the Landing Obligation
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Muddying the Waters of the Landing Obligation: How Multi-level Governance Structures Can Obscure Policy Implementat...
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Fisheries Management, Subsidiarity and Multi-level Governance
  • 9.3 A Short History of the EU Landing Obligation
  • 9.4 The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Dutch Fisheries
  • 9.5 The Muddy Waters of Multi-level Governance
  • 9.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 10: The Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery: The Perfect Fishery for a Successful Implementation of the Landing Obligation?
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.1.1 The Baltic Cod Stocks: Stock Development and Current Status
  • 10.2 Data Collection and Assessment of Baltic Cod
  • 10.3 Research to Improve Selectivity in Baltic Cod Trawls
  • 10.3.1 Technical Conservation Measures - the Baltic History
  • 10.3.2 Technical Conservation Measures - Since the Introduction of the Landing Obligation
  • 10.4 Effects of the Landing Obligation on Scientific Data for Stock Assessments
  • 10.5 Conclusions - Lessons from the Landing Obligation in the Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery and Future Prospects
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Creating a Breeding Ground for Compliance and Honest Reporting Under the Landing Obligation: Insights from Behavio...
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 The Commercial Pressures Influencing Fisher Decisions
  • 11.3 Behavioural Economics: A Discipline Providing Guidance for Addressing the Problem
  • 11.3.1 Determinants of Honesty and Respect for the Law
  • 11.3.2 Crowding Out of Voluntary Compliance
  • 11.3.3 The Effects of Being Watched
  • 11.3.4 Loss Aversion and the Use of ``Carrot ́́or ``Stick ́́Approaches
  • 11.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • Part IV: Tactical and Technological Options for Reducing Unwanted Catches.
  • Chapter 12: A Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards: Challenges and Opportunities of the Landing Obligation in...
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards
  • 12.2.1 An Online GIS Platform to Mitigate Discards
  • 12.2.2 MSP to Reduce Discards in a Small Pelagic Fishery off South East Spain
  • 12.3 Challenges and Opportunities of MSP
  • 12.4 Summary and Policy Recommendations
  • References
  • Chapter 13: The Best Way to Reduce Discards Is by Not Catching Them!
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 What Can Fishers Themselves Do to Reduce Their Discards?
  • 13.2.1 Gear Based Changes Used in the ``Challenge Trials ́́
  • 13.2.2 Tactical and Strategic Changes Used in the Challenge Trials
  • 13.2.3 Conclusion
  • 13.3 Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches - How the Scientists Can Help
  • 13.3.1 Decision Support Tools Using Survey Data
  • 13.3.2 Decision Support Tools Using Observer Data
  • 13.3.2.1 Where Are Discards Clustered Together?
  • 13.3.2.2 Mapping Catch Hot Spots to Avoid Unwanted Catches
  • 13.3.2.3 Detailed Haul-by-Haul Mapping Using Electronic Monitoring Data
  • 13.3.2.4 Combining Surveys and Commercial Catch Data to Provide Year-Round Abundance Distributions
  • 13.4 Web-Based Apps to Help Fishers Plan Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches
  • 13.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 14: Discard Avoidance by Improving Fishing Gear Selectivity: Helping the Fishing Industry Help Itself
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Making Best Use of Existing Information
  • 14.3 Obtaining New Insights and Enhancing the Capacity to Make Real-Time Decisions
  • 14.4 Successful Development and Implementation
  • 14.5 Alternative Technologies to Improve Species and Size Selectivity
  • 14.6 In Summary
  • References.
  • Chapter 15: Mitigating Slipping-Related Mortality from Purse Seine Fisheries for Small Pelagic Fish: Case Studies from Europea.

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