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One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare : Research, Deployment, Consequences.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Friedrich, Bretislav.
Other Authors: Hoffmann, Dieter., Renn, Jürgen., Schmaltz, Florian., Wolf, Martin.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Contents
  • 1 Introduction
  • Research on and Deployment of Chemical Weapons in World War I
  • 2 The Scientist as Expert: Fritz Haber and German Chemical Warfare During the First World War and Beyond
  • Abstract
  • References
  • 3 From Berlin-Dahlem to the Fronts of World War I: The Role of Fritz Haber and His Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in German Chemical Warfare
  • Abstract
  • 1 The Run-up to Ypres
  • 2 Ypres, 22 April, 1915, 1700 GMT
  • 3 The Indispensable Fritz Haber
  • 4 Haber's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Under Military Command
  • 5 Haber's Views on Chemical Warfare
  • 6 The Legacy of Ypres
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Additional Open Access Information
  • 4 Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber
  • Abstract
  • 1 Prolog
  • 2 Clara Immerwahr's Background
  • 3 The Scientific Work of Clara Immerwahr
  • 4 Clara's Husband: Fritz Haber
  • 5 Clara Haber's Suicide
  • 6 The "Myth of Clara Immerwahr"
  • 7 Epilog
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Addition to Open Access Information
  • 5 France's Political and Military Reaction in the Aftermath of the First German Chemical Offensive in April 1915: The Road to Retaliation in Kind
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Retaliation in Kind: A Purely Military Decision
  • 3 Between Eagerness and Constraints: Organizing the Chemical Response
  • 4 Chemical War: Scientific War, Industrial War
  • 5 Retaliation in Kind: Towards Total War
  • References
  • 6 Preparing for Poison Warfare: The Ethics and Politics of Britain's Chemical Weapons Program, 1915-1945
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ypres 1915
  • 3 Porton Down
  • 4 Servants of the Realm
  • 5 Crisis of Legitimacy
  • 6 Collaboration
  • 7 The Geneva Protocol
  • 8 Foreboding
  • 9 Ethical Relativism
  • References.
  • 7 Challenging the Laws of War by Technology, Blazing Nationalism and Militarism: Debating Chemical Warfare Before and After Ypres, 1899-1925
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction: Chemical Weapons as the Subject of Juridification, Politicization, and Circumvention of Law
  • 2 Codifying War Technologies in International Law Around 1900
  • 2.1 Restrictions on the Means and Methods of Warfare: The Regulations in International Law of 1868, 1899, and 1907
  • 2.1.1 The Principle of Humanity: The Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
  • 2.1.2 The Impotent Model: The Brussels Declaration on Land Warfare of 1874
  • 2.1.3 The First Poison Prohibition in International Treaty Law: The Declaration on the Use of Projectiles with Asphyxiating or Deleterious Gases and the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1899
  • 2.2 No Notion of What Lay Ahead: The Intense Legal Discourse on the Hague Convention and Uncontroversial Interpretations of the Prohibition of Poison Prior to 1915
  • 3 Militarization and Circumvention of Law: Debates on International Law During the Continental War with Gas, 1915-1918
  • 3.1 International Law: Alive, but not Kicking
  • 3.1.1 Scholarly Publications on International Law During World War I
  • 3.1.2 Unclear Motives for and Few Scruples About the Use of Poison: Ex Post Justifications
  • 3.1.3 Was the German Employment of Poison Gas a Symptom of General Disdain for International Law?
  • 3.2 The Law Comes Later: The Weak Normative Discourse on Gas Warfare After the German Attack
  • 3.2.1 The Lack of Protest: Political Voices and Official Reports
  • 3.2.2 The Daily Press: Restraint, Disinformation, and Loud Silence
  • 3.3 Possible Interpretations: Raison de Guerre as Its Own Form of Normativity?
  • 3.3.1 Older Traditions of Disregard for International Law
  • 3.3.2 Normative Plurality and Renouncing International Law: The Nature of the Laws of War.
  • 3.3.3 Cruel, Unmanly, and Unchivalrous: The Military's Aversion to the Use of Poison
  • 4 The Continuing Politicization of International Law: The Legal Assessment of War Crimes, 1918-1925
  • 4.1 Crime and Argument: The Intense Discourse After the End of World War I
  • 4.2 Self-justifications: The Nationalist Polarization of International Law
  • 4.3 Politicized Scholarship: No Mediation Possible
  • 4.4 Reforms as Affirmation of the Prohibition of Poison in International Law
  • 4.4.1 Asymmetric New Paths: The Prohibitions of the Production and Possession of Weapons in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919
  • 4.4.2 Pacifist Efforts: Initiatives by the League of Nations
  • 4.4.3 An Expression of the General Opinion of the Civilized World: The Washington Treaty of 1922
  • 4.4.4 Reassuring One's Principles: The Geneva Protocol on Poison Gas of 1925
  • 5 Summary: Expectations Regarding International Law
  • References
  • 8 Military-Industrial Interactions in the Development of Chemical Warfare, 1914-1918: Comparing National Cases Within the Technological System of the Great War
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Western Front as a Technological Meta-System
  • 3 Chemical Weapons as an Illustrative Case
  • 4 Industrial Mobilization for Chemical Warfare: The Experimental Phase, 1914-15
  • 5 Scaling up, Innovation and Integration, 1915-17
  • 6 Culmination of the Chemical War, 1917-1918
  • 7 Concluding Reflections
  • References
  • Contexts and Consequences of Chemical Weapons
  • 9 The Gas War, 1915-1918: If not a War Winner, Hardly a Failure
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Debate
  • 3 Gas: Not a War Winner
  • 4 The Challenge of Chemical Warfare
  • 5 Effectiveness of the Gas War
  • References
  • 10 "Gas, Gas, Gaas!" The Poison Gas War in the Literature and Visual Arts of Interwar Europe
  • Abstract
  • Part I
  • Part II
  • References.
  • 11 The Genie and the Bottle: Reflections on the Fate of the Geneva Protocol in the United States, 1918-1928
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Science and the Great War
  • 3 The Coming of Geneva
  • 4 A Protocol Post-mortem
  • 5 Summing up the Senate
  • 6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 12 The Soldier's Body in Gas Warfare: Trauma, Illness, Rentennot, 1915-1933
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Perceptions in the Field
  • 3 Gas and Psyche
  • 4 Weimar to the Nazi Period-the Need of the Traumatized
  • 5 Summary
  • References
  • 13 Chemical Weapons Research on Soldiers and Concentration Camp Inmates in Nazi Germany
  • Abstract
  • 1 Organizational Structures of Chemical Warfare Research in Germany
  • 2 Chemical Weapons Research on Humans in Military and Academic Institutions
  • 3 Experiments in Concentration Camps
  • 3.1 Sachsenhausen
  • 3.2 Natzweiler
  • 3.2.1 The Sulphur Mustard Experiments of August Hirt
  • 3.2.2 The Phosgene Experiments of Otto Bickenbach
  • 3.2.3 New Series of Phosgene Experiments in June and August 1944
  • 3.3 Neuengamme
  • 4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 14 No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II
  • Abstract
  • References
  • 15 The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 World War II and the Post-war IMTFE
  • 3 Retrieving CBW Evidence from China, 1946
  • 4 Conclusion
  • References
  • Dual Use, Storage and Disposal of Chemical Weapons Today
  • 16 The Reconstruction of Production and Storage Sites for Chemical Warfare Agents and Weapons from Both World Wars in the Context of Assessing Former Munitions Sites
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Ammendorf Factory of Orgacid GmbH
  • 3 The History of Falkenhagen Factory of Monturon GmbH, Development, the Structure of the Buildings, and Production.
  • 4 Production at the Falkenhagen Factory
  • 4.1 Brief Description of the Facilities at the Factory
  • 5 The Development of N-Stoff Production
  • 5.1 The Buildings of the N-Stoff Plant at the "Seewerk" Falkenhagen
  • 6 The Development of the Nerve Gases Tabun and Sarin
  • 7 The Manufacturing Processes for Sarin
  • 8 Vereinigte Flussspatgruben GmbH in Stulln
  • 9 The Dyhernfurth Factory of Anorgana GmbH
  • 10 The Filling and Storage of Chemical Weapons in the Munitions Facilities of the Army and Air Force
  • 11 The Chemical Weapons Complex in Munster
  • 12 Other Munitions Sites with Filling Plants for Chemical Weapons
  • 13 Dismantling Work After the First World War
  • 14 Summary and Prospects
  • References and Source Materials
  • 17 From Charles and Francis Darwin to Richard Nixon: The Origin and Termination of Anti-plant Chemical Warfare in Vietnam
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 18 The Indelible Smell of Apples: Poison Gas Survivors in Halabja, Kurdistan-Iraq, and Their Struggle for Recognition
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction: The Indelible Smell of Apples
  • 2 Background
  • 3 The Anfal Campaign and the Poison Gas Attack Against Halabja in 1988
  • 4 The Situation of Survivors of the Poison Gas Attacks
  • 4.1 Haunting Memories, Enduring Grief
  • 4.2 Survivors' Life Conditions Between 1988 and 2003
  • 4.3 Changes After 2003
  • 5 New Threats, New Fear, and Joint Initiatives of Poison Gas Survivors
  • References
  • Films
  • 19 The Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria: Implications and Consequences
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Early Reports of Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Civil War
  • 3 The Secretary-General's Investigation
  • 4 The Elimination of the Syrian Chemical Weapons Program
  • 5 Chemical Weapons Destruction at Sea
  • 6 New Incidents of Chemical Weapons Uses
  • 7 Attribution and Accountability
  • 8 Conclusions
  • References.
  • Commemoration Ceremony.

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