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Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis : The HESPERIA HORIZON 2020 Project and Beyond.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Malandraki, Olga E.
Other Authors: Crosby, Norma B.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Astrophysics and Space Science Library
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Contents
  • List of Abbreviations
  • 1 Solar Energetic Particles and Space Weather: Science and Applications
  • 1.1 Science
  • 1.1.1 Historical Perspective of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Events
  • 1.1.2 Large Gradual SEP Events
  • 1.1.3 Ground Level Enhancement (GLE) Events
  • 1.1.4 Multi-Spacecraft Observations of SEP Events
  • 1.1.5 Particle Acceleration
  • 1.1.6 Key Open Questions and Future Missions
  • 1.2 Applications
  • 1.2.1 Why Study SEP Events?
  • 1.2.2 SEP Effects on Technology
  • 1.2.3 SEPs and Human Health Effects
  • 1.2.4 Mitigating the Effects of SEPs
  • 1.2.4.1 Hazard Assessment
  • 1.2.4.2 Mitigation Procedures
  • References
  • 2 Eruptive Activity Related to Solar Energetic Particle Events
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 The Scene
  • 2.3 Solar Flares: Energy Release and Radiative Signatures of Charged Particle Acceleration
  • 2.3.1 Emission Processes
  • 2.3.1.1 Bremsstrahlung
  • 2.3.1.2 Gyrosynchrotron Radiation
  • 2.3.1.3 Plasma Emission from Electron Beams
  • 2.3.1.4 Gamma-Rays from Accelerated Protons and Ions
  • 2.3.2 Where Are Electrons Accelerated in Solar Flares?
  • 2.3.3 A Qualitative View of Acceleration Processes
  • 2.4 What Is a Coronal Mass Ejection?
  • 2.4.1 CME Magnetic Structure and Eruption
  • 2.4.2 Shock Waves and Particle Acceleration at CMEs
  • 2.5 Summary and Conclusion
  • References
  • 3 Particle Acceleration Mechanisms
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Acceleration Mechanisms
  • 3.2.1 Large-Scale Electric Field Acceleration
  • 3.2.2 Resonant Wave Acceleration
  • 3.2.3 Shock Acceleration
  • 3.2.4 Compressional Acceleration and Collapsing Magnetic Traps
  • 3.2.5 Stochastic Acceleration
  • 3.3 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • 4 Charged Particle Transport in the Interplanetary Medium
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.1.1 Energetic Particles in the Solar System.
  • 4.1.2 The Interplanetary Magnetic Field
  • 4.1.3 Motion of Charged Particles. First Adiabatic Invariant
  • 4.2 Particle Transport
  • 4.2.1 Particle Transport Equations
  • 4.2.2 Focused Transport
  • 4.2.3 Diffusive Transport
  • 4.3 Application: Description of Solar Energetic Particle Events
  • 4.3.1 Numerical Techniques
  • 4.3.2 Observations
  • 4.3.3 Inferring Transport Conditions
  • 4.4 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • 5 Cosmic Ray Particle Transport in the Earth's Magnetosphere
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field: Lorentz Force
  • 5.3 Earth's Magnetic Field
  • 5.3.1 The Magnetic Field of the Earth as a Dipole Field
  • 5.3.2 Magnetic Field Model Due to Internal Sources: IGRF
  • 5.3.3 Contributions to the Earth's Magnetic Field by Magnetospheric Electric Currents
  • 5.3.4 Magnetic Field Models of the External Sources
  • 5.4 Computation of the Propagation of Cosmic Ray Particles in the Earth's Magnetosphere
  • 5.5 The Concept of Cutoff Rigidities and Asymptotic Directions
  • References
  • 6 Ground-Based Measurements of Energetic Particles by Neutron Monitors
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 History
  • 6.3 Transport of Cosmic Ray Particles in the Earth's Atmosphere
  • 6.3.1 Model of the Earth's Atmosphere
  • 6.3.2 Particle Cascade in the Atmosphere
  • 6.4 Neutron Monitor Detector
  • 6.4.1 Components of a Neutron Monitor
  • 6.4.2 Neutron Monitor Yield Function
  • 6.4.3 Atmospheric Effects
  • 6.5 Worldwide Network of Neutron Monitor Stations as a Giant Spectrometer
  • 6.6 Neutron Monitor Database: NMDB
  • References
  • 7 HESPERIA Forecasting Tools: Real-Time and Post-Event
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Predicting SEP Event Onsets from Historical Microwave Data by Using the UMASEP Scheme
  • 7.3 Predicting SEP Energy Spectra from Historical Microwave Data
  • 7.4 Predicting 30-50 MeV SEP Events by Using the RELeASE Scheme.
  • 7.5 Predicting &gt
  • 500 MeV SEP Events by Using the UMASEP Scheme
  • 7.6 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • 8 X-Ray, Radio and SEP Observations of Relativistic Gamma-Ray Events
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Theory and Early Observations of Gamma-Ray Emission at Photon Energies &gt
  • 60MeV
  • 8.2.1 Pion-Decay γ-Ray Emission
  • 8.2.2 Long-Duration γ-Ray Events
  • 8.3 New Insights of Sustained Emission Events from Fermi Observations
  • 8.4 Multiwavelength Observations of Fermi/LAT γ-Ray Events
  • 8.4.1 Impulsive and Early Post-impulsive γ-Ray Emission
  • 8.4.2 Long-Duration γ-Ray Events
  • 8.4.3 Soft X-Ray Bursts and γ-Ray Events
  • 8.4.4 Coronal Shock Waves and γ-Ray Events
  • 8.5 Solar Energetic Particle Events Associated with Fermi/LAT Gamma-Ray Events
  • 8.5.1 SEP Characteristics and Association with Fermi/LAT
  • 8.5.2 SEP Spectra
  • 8.6 Summary and Discussion
  • References
  • 9 Modelling of Shock-Accelerated Gamma-Ray Events
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Model Description
  • 9.2.1 Shock and Particle Model
  • 9.2.2 Coronal Shock Acceleration Model
  • 9.2.3 DownStream Propagation Model
  • 9.3 Results
  • 9.3.1 2012 May 17 Event
  • 9.3.1.1 Modelling of the SEP Event
  • 9.3.1.2 Simulations of Proton Acceleration at the Shock
  • 9.3.1.3 Modelling of the Proton Transport Back to the Sun
  • 9.3.2 2012 January 23 Event
  • 9.3.2.1 Modelling of the SEP Event
  • 9.3.2.2 Simulation of Proton Acceleration at the Shock
  • 9.3.2.3 Modelling of the Proton Transport Back to the Sun
  • 9.4 Discussion and Conclusions
  • References
  • 10 Inversion Methodology of Ground Level Enhancements
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Space and Ground Based Measurements of GLEs
  • 10.2.1 dE/dx-dE/dx-Method
  • 10.2.2 dE/dx - C
  • 10.2.3 Magnet Spectrometer
  • 10.3 Forward Modeling from the Sun to the Observer at Ground.
  • 10.3.1 Interplanetary Particle Transport: From the Sun to the Magnetosphere
  • 10.3.2 From the Interplanetary Particle Distribution to Neutron Monitor Measurements - Magneto- and Atmospheric Transport of Charged Energetic Particles
  • 10.3.3 Combined Greens-Function
  • 10.4 Inversion Methodology
  • 10.4.1 Inversion of Spacecraft Data to the Sun
  • 10.4.2 Inversion of NM Data to the Border of the Earth's Magnetosphere
  • 10.4.3 The HESPERIA Approach
  • 10.5 Results and Validation
  • 10.6 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • Index.

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