The Measurement and Monitoring of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Affordability : A Missing Element of Monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets 6. 1 And 6. 2.
| Format: | eBook |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Geneva :
World Health Organization,
2021.
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| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Click to View |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Acknowledgements
- Foreword
- Summary
- Introduction
- Understanding affordability
- 2.1
- Previous approaches
- 2.2
- Developing the concept
- 2.3
- Threshold approach to make judgements on affordability
- Measuring affordability
- 3.1
- Approaches to measuring affordability
- 3.1.1
- How people behave ('revealed preference')
- 3.1.2
- What people say ('stated preference')
- 3.1.3
- How expenditure compares to an agreed benchmark ('expenditure threshold approach')
- 3.1.4
- Poverty status
- 3.1.5 What measures are in place to protect the poor and vulnerable ('response measures')
- 3.2
- Options for empirical assessment
- 3.2.1
- Expenditure threshold approach
- 3.2.2
- Revealed preferences
- 3.2.3
- Stated preferences
- 3.2.4
- Poverty status
- 3.2.5
- Response measures
- Data for monitoring affordability
- 4.1
- Nationally representative surveys
- 4.2
- Non-nationally representative surveys and studies
- 4.3
- Administrative data and policy surveys
- Comparative performance of approaches
- 5.1
- Criteria for assessment
- 5.2
- Expenditure threshold approach
- 5.3
- Revealed preferences
- 5.4
- Stated preferences
- 5.5
- Poverty status
- 5.6
- Enabling environment responses to affordability
- Conclusions and
- recommendations
- 6.1
- Global level
- monitoring
- 6.1.1
- Conclusions
- 6.1.2
- Recommendations
- 6.2
- National
- (and sub-national)
- level monitoring
- 6.2.1
- Conclusions
- 6.2.2
- Recommendations
- References
- Annex A: Affordability definitions for different basic needs
- Annex B: Findings from
- six country case studies
- B1.
- WASH coverage
- and expenditures
- B1.1
- Introduction
- B1.2
- Data availability
- B1.3
- Water access
- B1.4
- Linkages between reliability, resilience and affordability,
- B1.5
- Household monetary.
- expenditures on WASH
- B1.6
- Household time expenditures
- on water collection
- B2.
- WASH expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure
- B2.1
- Partial WASH operational expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure
- B2.2
- Required expenditure on WASH as a proportion of total household expenditure
- B2.3
- Recommendations for
- future analyses and data
- collection efforts
- B3.
- Household
- behaviours, WASH prices, consumption and choice
- B3.1
- The advantages of
- demand assessment
- B3.2
- Static assessments -
- consumption level
- B3.3
- Static assessments -
- household preferences
- and perceptions
- B3.4
- Dynamic assessments - revealed preferences and willingness to pay estimation
- B3.5
- Dynamic assessments - stated preferences and willingness to
- pay estimation
- B4.
- Comprehensive poverty assessments and implications for meeting other essential needs
- B4.1
- Indicator options and
- dimensions covered
- B4.2
- WASH coverage for
- poor and extreme poor
- B4.3
- Comparison of WASH
- costs for poor and non-poor
- B4.4
- WASH spending leads to
- reduced consumption of
- other essential goods
- B4.5
- Spending exceeds income, suggesting households are living beyond their means
- B5.
- Summary
- B6.
- References to
- Annex B
- Annex C. Protocol for data
- extraction
- C1.
- Introduction
- C2.
- Selecting and recoding
- WASH variables
- C3.
- A variable on
- WASH expenditure
- C4.
- Consumption expenditure by major categories and household characteristics32
- C5.
- WASH affordability indices formulas
- Annex D. Countries with income and expenditure surveys since 2014.