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Integrated Diagnostics and Theranostics of Thyroid Diseases.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Giovanella, Luca.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • 1: Integrated Diagnostics: The Future of Diagnostic Medicine?
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Diagnosis and Diagnostics
  • 1.3 Integrated Diagnostics
  • 1.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 2: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Integrated Diagnostic
  • 2.1 Background
  • 2.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
  • 2.3 AI in Integrated Diagnostic: Challenges and Future Prospects
  • 2.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 3: Biochemical Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunctions
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Physiological Basis of Thyroid Function Laboratory Assessment
  • 3.3 Thyroid Function Tests
  • 3.3.1 Performance Characteristics of Thyroid Function Assays
  • 3.3.2 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
  • 3.3.2.1 Normal Range
  • 3.3.2.2 Circadian Variability
  • 3.3.2.3 Individual Variation
  • 3.3.3 Free Thyroid Hormones
  • 3.4 Diagnosis of Thyroid Dysfunctions
  • 3.4.1 Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunctions
  • 3.4.2 Overt Thyroid Dysfunctions
  • 3.4.2.1 Hyperthyroidism
  • 3.4.2.2 Hypothyroidism
  • 3.5 Management of Inconsistent Results
  • 3.5.1 Analytical Interferences in Immunoassays
  • 3.5.2 Nonthyroidal Illness
  • 3.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 4: Integrated Thyroid Imaging: Ultrasound and Scintigraphy
  • 4.1 Basics of Thyroid Imaging
  • 4.1.1 Sonography
  • 4.1.1.1 B-Mode Sonography (Gray-Scale Ultrasound)
  • 4.1.1.2 Cine-Mode and Tomographic Ultrasound
  • 4.1.1.3 Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
  • 4.1.1.4 Ultrasound Elastography
  • 4.1.2 Radionuclide Imaging
  • 4.1.2.1 99mTc-Pertechnetate/123Iodine
  • 4.1.2.2 99mTc-Methoxy-Isobutyl-Isonitrile (MIBI) Imaging
  • 4.1.3 Hybrid Imaging
  • 4.1.3.1 Hybrid Imaging with 99mTc-Pertechnetate and 123I-NaI
  • 4.1.3.2 Hybrid Imaging with 18F-FDG-PET
  • 4.2 Integrated Imaging of Thyroid Disorders.
  • 4.2.1 Diffuse Thyroid Diseases
  • 4.2.1.1 Diffuse Incidental Thyroid 18F-FDG-Uptake
  • 4.2.1.2 Nodular Thyroid Diseases
  • Autonomously Functioning Thyroid Nodules
  • 4.2.2 Imaging in the Risk Assessment of Thyroid Nodules
  • 4.2.2.1 Ultrasound Risk Stratification Systems (B-Mode Ultrasound, UE, CEUS)
  • 4.2.2.2 Value of 99mTc-Pertechnetate/ 123I−Scintigraphy
  • 4.2.2.3 Value of MIBI Imaging
  • 4.2.2.4 Incidental Focal Uptake on  18F-FDG Imaging
  • 4.2.2.5 Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology
  • 4.2.3 Medication-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction
  • 4.2.4 Aberrant Localization of Thyroid Tissue and Congenital Hypothyroidism
  • 4.2.5 Tracers Beyond 18F-FDG-Present and Future Directions
  • References
  • 5: Non-invasive Imaging Biomarkers of Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Uniting Medical Imaging with Artificial Intelligence
  • 5.2.1 Quantitative Imaging
  • 5.2.2 Artificial Intelligence
  • 5.3 Modalities
  • 5.3.1 Ultrasonography
  • 5.3.1.1 Conventional (B-Mode) Ultrasonography
  • 5.3.1.2 TI-RADS
  • 5.3.1.3 Elastosonography
  • 5.3.2 Computed Tomography
  • 5.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 5.3.3.1 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 5.3.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • 5.3.3.3 Multiparametric MRI
  • 5.3.4 [99mTc]Tc-MIBI Scintigraphy
  • 5.3.5 [18F]FDG PET/CT
  • 5.3.6 Combined Approaches
  • 5.4 Future Perspectives
  • References
  • 6: Diagnostics and Theranostics of Benign Thyroid Disorders
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Radiopharmaceuticals for Thyroid Imaging and Therapy
  • 6.3 Graves' Disease
  • 6.4 Toxic Nodular Goiter and Toxic Multi-Nodular Goiter
  • 6.5 Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism
  • 6.5.1 Radioiodine Therapy in Graves' Disease
  • 6.5.2 Radioiodine Therapy in Patients with Toxic Nodular and Toxic Multi-Nodular Goiter
  • 6.6 Non-Toxic Goiter.
  • 6.7 Radioiodine Therapy of Non-TOXIC Goiter
  • 6.8 Radioiodine Therapy in Pediatric Patients
  • 6.9 Side Effects of Radioiodine Therapy
  • References
  • 7: Radioiodine Theranostics of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Diagnosis
  • 7.3 Surgical Treatment
  • 7.4 Staging and Risk Stratification for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
  • 7.5 Post-operative Management
  • 7.6 Post-operative 131I Therapy
  • 7.7 Benefits of 131-I Therapy in Thyroid Cancer
  • 7.8 Preparation for 131I Therapy
  • 7.9 131I Therapy Administration
  • 7.9.1 Diagnostic and Post-therapy 131-I Scans with Diagnostic Intent
  • 7.9.2 Integration of Histopathology, Laboratory, and Scintigraphy Information
  • 7.10 Determining the Prescribed Therapeutic 131I Activity
  • 7.11 The Role of Dosimetry for Thyroid Cancer Treatment
  • 7.12 Radioiodine Theranostics
  • 7.13 Treatment of Advanced Disease
  • 7.14 Future Perspectives
  • References
  • 8: Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging in Postoperative DTC Management
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Biomarkers: Tg and TgAb
  • 8.2.1 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Total Thyroidectomy and 131I
  • 8.2.2 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Total Thyroidectomy
  • 8.2.3 Biomarkers Role in DTC Patients Treated by Lobectomy
  • 8.2.4 Patients with Positive TgAb
  • 8.3 Molecular Imaging
  • 8.3.1 Whole-Body Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT
  • 8.3.1.1 Postoperative Setting
  • 8.3.1.2 Posttherapy Setting
  • 8.3.1.3 Response Assessment, Disease Monitoring, and Long-Term Follow-Up
  • 8.3.2 PET/CT Imaging
  • 8.3.2.1 Postoperative Setting
  • 8.3.2.2 Suspicious Relapse
  • 8.3.2.3 Prognostic Role of PET Imaging
  • 8.3.2.4 Assessment of Iodine Refractory Disease
  • 8.3.2.5 124I
  • 8.3.2.6 Other PET Tracers
  • 8.4 Future Perspectives: Artificial Intelligence and Radiomics
  • References.
  • 9: Definition of Radioactive Iodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer and Redifferentiation Strategies
  • 9.1 Definition of Radioiodine Refractory Thyroid Cancer
  • 9.1.1 Clinical Presentation
  • 9.1.2 Radioactive Iodine Treatment
  • 9.1.3 The Role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the Definition of Rai Refractory DTC
  • 9.2 Treatment and Management of RAI Refractory Thyroid Cancer
  • 9.3 Redifferentiation Strategies
  • 9.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • 10: Integrated Diagnostics and Theragnostics of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Related Syndromes
  • 10.1 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Related Syndromes
  • 10.1.1 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
  • 10.1.2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
  • 10.2 Role of Imaging According to Different Clinical Situations
  • 10.2.1 Prophylactic Thyroidectomy for MTC Does Not Require any Preoperative Imaging
  • 10.2.2 Indications of Imaging for Persistent/Recurrent MTC
  • 10.2.3 18F-FDOPA PET/CT Prior Initial Surgery
  • 10.3 18F-FDG PET and Prognostication
  • 10.4 Peptide Receptor Targeting and Theragnostic Approaches
  • 10.5 Immuno-PET for CEA Targeting
  • 10.6 Future Perspectives
  • References
  • Correction to: Integrated Thyroid Imaging: Ultrasound and Scintigraphy.

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