Table of Contents: Forest Entomology and Pathology :

Forest Entomology and Pathology : Volume 1: Entomology.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	D. Allison, Jeremy.
Other Authors:	Paine, Timothy D., Slippers, Bernard., Wingfield, Michael J.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	Electronic books.
Online Access:	Click to View

Table of Contents:

Intro
Preface
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction to and Importance of Insects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is an Insect?
1.3 The Importance of Insects
1.3.1 Decomposition, Nutrient Recycling, and Soil Formation
1.3.2 Ecological Roles and Interactions
1.3.3 Insect Decline
1.4 Summary
References
2 Form and Function
2.1 Insect Development
2.1.1 Eggs
2.1.2 Viviparity
2.1.3 Post-embryonic Development and Larval Morphology
2.1.4 Molting and Metamorphosis
2.2 Sensory Perception
2.3 Food Acquisition, Consumption and Utilization
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Epidermis and Cuticle
2.6 Neuroendocrine System
2.7 Circulation and Immunity
2.8 Respiration and Gas Exchange
2.9 Locomotion
2.10 Excretion and Osmoregulation Systems
2.11 Reproduction
2.12 Conclusions
References
3 Forest Arthropod Diversity
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Plant-Insect Coevolution as a Driver for Diversification
3.1.2 Wood as a Distinctive Forest Attribute and a Powerful Driver for Diversification
3.1.3 Latitudinal Gradient of Arthropod Diversity
3.2 Feeding Guilds of Arthropods Living in Forests
3.2.1 Phytophagous Arthropods
3.2.2 Zoophagous Arthropods
3.2.3 Saprophagous Arthropods
3.3 Functional Roles and Ecosystem Services
3.3.1 Regulating Primary Production
3.3.2 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling
3.3.3 Seed Dispersal
3.3.4 Pollination
3.3.5 Top-Down Regulation of Phytophagous Arthropods
3.3.6 Food Provisioning and Medicines
3.4 Effects of Natural Disturbances on Forest Arthropods
3.4.1 Abiotic Disturbances
3.4.2 Biotic Disturbances
3.5 Effects of Forest Logging on Arthropods
3.5.1 Clear-Cuts
3.5.2 Salvage Logging
3.5.3 Partial Cuts
3.6 Conservation and Management
3.6.1 Protected Areas
3.6.2 Ecosystem-Based Forest Management.
3.6.3 Restoration
3.7 New Challenges
References
4 Insect Ecology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Insects Assume Many Roles in Forests
4.3 Species Interact in Many Ways
4.4 Life Histories Vary
4.4.1 K- and r-Selection: Forces in the Environment Dictate Reproductive Adaptations
4.4.2 Some Insects Specialize by Feeding on Trees in a Particular Condition
4.5 Abiotic Conditions Alter Insect Growth and Survival
4.5.1 Temperature Affects Behavior and Development
4.5.2 Precipitation Indirectly Affects Insects by Its Impacts on Trees
4.5.3 Extreme Weather Can Have Indirect Effects Through Trees
4.5.4 Climate and Weather Patterns Affect Population Density of Insects Regionally
4.6 Insect Population Growth Is a Function of Births, Deaths, and Movement
4.6.1 The Environment Can Support a Finite Number of Insects
4.6.2 Births
4.6.3 Deaths
4.6.4 Movement
4.6.5 A Tool to Measure Population Growth and Regulation
4.7 How Global Change Affects Insects in Forest Ecosystems
References
5 Forest Insect Population Dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Forest Insects on Plantation Trees and on Evolutionarily Naïve Hosts
5.1.2 Outbreak Dynamics as an Emergent Property of Insect-Host-Natural Enemy Interactions
5.1.3 Introduction to Population Dynamics
5.2 Drivers of Population Volatility
5.2.1 Variation in the Intrinsic Growth Rate of Populations
5.2.2 Lagged Endogenous Feedbacks
5.2.3 Scramble Competition
5.3 Broad Patterns and Real-World Examples
5.3.1 Cyclical Dynamics
5.3.2 The Larch Budmoth in the European Alps
5.3.3 Tree-Killing Bark Beetles
5.3.4 Insect Population Dynamics in Managed Systems
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Forest Insect-Natural Enemy Interactions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Natural Enemies
6.2.1 Predators
6.2.2 Parasitoids.
6.2.3 Nematodes and Pathogens
6.3 Food Webs
6.4 The Forest Environment and Natural Enemies
6.5 Predator-Prey Relationships
6.5.1 Prey Finding
6.5.2 Prey Exploitation and the Components of Predation
6.6 Biological Control
6.6.1 Definition
6.6.2 Inoculative Biological Control
6.6.3 Inundative Biological Control
6.6.4 Conservation Biological Control
6.6.5 Classical Biological Control
6.7 Synthesis and Perspectives
References
7 Forest Insect-Plant Interactions
7.1 The Ecology of Insect-Plant Interactions in Forests
7.2 The Plant Side-Tree Defenses Against Insects
7.2.1 Plant Defense Hypotheses
7.2.2 Defense, Resistance, Tolerance
7.2.3 Mode of Action: Chemical and Physical Defenses in Trees
7.2.4 Temporal Sequence: Constitutive, Induced and Primed Defenses in Trees
7.2.5 Effective Dose: Qualitative and Quantitative Defenses in Trees
7.2.6 Ecological Function: Direct and Indirect Defenses in Trees and Tri-Trophic Interactions
7.3 The Insect Side-How Insects Cope with Tree Defenses
7.3.1 A Note on Generalist and Specialist Insect Herbivores
7.3.2 Insect Feeding Guilds and Their Interaction with Tree Defenses
7.3.3 Insect Strategies to Cope with Tree Defenses
7.3.4 The Role of Symbiotic Microorganisms in Insect-Tree Interactions
7.4 Case Studies: Major Forest Pest Issues Worldwide
7.4.1 Native Pests Living on Co-Evolved Host Trees
7.4.2 Invasive Pests Attacking Evolutionary Naïve Host Trees
7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
8 Insects and Forest Succession
8.1 Introduction-Foundations of "Succession" in Plant Ecology
8.2 Successional Changes in Forest Communities-Models and Mechanisms
8.2.1 Forest Stand Structure and Dynamics
8.2.2 Tree Ontogeny
8.3 Key Questions on Forest Insect Succession.
8.3.1 Observed Successional Patterns in Forest Arthropod Assemblages
8.3.2 Two or More Distinct Successional Stages in Forest Arthropod Communities?
8.3.3 Relationships Between Arthropod and Vegetation Diversity Through Forest Succession
8.3.4 What Insect Groups Depend on Late-Seral Forests?
8.3.5 Insect Succession Related to Tree Age and Size
8.3.6 Insect Succession on Coarse Woody Debris and Other Discrete Habitat Elements
8.4 Effects of Insects on Forest Succession
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 Foliage Feeders
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Effects of Defoliation on Forest Trees
9.3 Monitoring for Defoliation and Changes in Defoliator Population Densities
9.4 Case Study 1: Winter Moth
9.4.1 Biology and Host Range
9.4.2 Geographical Range
9.4.3 Early Ecological Studies
9.4.4 Pathogens
9.4.5 Biological Control in North America
9.4.6 Population Ecology in North America
9.4.7 Recent European Studies
9.5 Case Study 2: Spongy Moth
9.5.1 Biology
9.5.2 Introduction to North America
9.5.3 Host Preferences
9.5.4 Impact on Forests and Trees
9.5.5 Spread of Spongy Moth
9.5.6 History of Spongy Moth Control
9.5.7 Population Ecology of Spongy Moth
References
10 Bark Beetles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Natural History
10.2.1 Feeding Ecology
10.2.2 Mating Systems
10.2.3 Social Behavior
10.2.4 Communication
10.2.5 Interspecific Interactions
10.3 Evolution and Diversity
10.3.1 Ten High Impact Bark Beetle Genera and Selected Case-Studies
10.4 Management and Control
10.4.1 Emerging Pests
10.4.2 Bark Beetle Management in a Changing World
References
11 Ambrosia Beetles
11.1 Ambrosia Beetle Biology
11.1.1 Taxonomic Identity
11.1.2 Relationships with Fungi
11.2 Who Is the Host and Why Does It Matter?.
11.2.1 Biology of the Coevolutionary Units is Dictated by the Fungus
11.2.2 Mycangia
11.2.3 Relationships with Trees
11.2.4 Host Selection and Chemical Ecology
11.3 Economic Significance
11.3.1 Ambrosia Beetle Pests in Dead Trees
11.3.2 Global Change-Induced Damage by Ambrosia Beetles
11.3.3 Tree-Killing Invasive Species
11.3.4 Ambrosia Beetle Colonization Is a Sign of Tree Disease, not Its Cause
11.4 Questions for Further Research
11.4.1 Defense Against Invasive Ambrosia Beetles
11.4.2 Ecological Significance
11.4.3 Pests of the Future
References
12 Woodborers in Forest Stands
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Natural History/Ecology of Woodborers
12.2.1 Woodborer Habitat
12.2.2 Live Tree Inhabitants
12.2.3 Generic Life Cycle
12.2.4 Importance of Symbionts
12.3 Population Regulation
12.3.1 Abiotic Factors
12.3.2 Biotic Factors
12.4 Ecological Roles
12.4.1 Nutrient Cycling
12.4.2 Forest Structure
12.4.3 Ecosystem Services
12.4.4 Woodborer Conservation
12.5 Chemical Ecology
12.6 Economically Important Species
12.7 Management of Woodborers
12.7.1 Native Species
12.7.2 Invasive Species
12.8 Summary
References
13 Sap-Sucking Forest Pests
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Diversity and Biology of Sap-Sucking Insects with Emphasis on Importance for Forestry
13.2.1 Background
13.2.2 Aphids: Aphidomorpha
13.2.3 Jumping Plant Lice: Psylloidea
13.2.4 Scale Insects: Coccoidea
13.2.5 Other Hemipteran Superfamilies and Their Importance in Forestry
13.3 Biology and Ecology of Sap-Sucking Insects
13.3.1 General Models of Life History and Seasonal History
13.3.2 Feeding Ecology
13.3.3 Reproductive Strategies
13.3.4 Insect-Plant Interactions
13.4 Associated Organisms
13.4.1 Natural Enemies
13.4.2 Interaction with Ants.
13.4.3 Bees and Honey Production from Honeydew.

Forest Entomology and Pathology : Volume 1: Entomology.

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