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Building Resilient Migration Systems in the Mediterranean Region : Lessons from COVID-19.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Testaverde, Mauro.
Other Authors: Pavilon, Jacquelyn.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: London : World Bank Publications, 2022.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Emigration and immigration.
Mediterranean Region.
Social aspects.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Abbreviations
  • Overview
  • Introduction
  • Main findings
  • Countries' policy responses
  • Lessons learned and policy recommendations
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 1 COVID-19 and Migration in the Mediterranean Region
  • Introduction
  • Mobility trends in the region
  • COVID-19 in the Mediterranean region
  • Management and adjustment of mobility in response to the pandemic
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 2 The Impacts of COVID-19 on Migrants and Their Families
  • Introduction
  • Mobility-related vulnerabilities of migrants and refugees during the pandemic
  • A mobile population at greater health risk
  • The pandemic's economic impacts
  • Annex 2A Methodology for defining jobs that cannot be performed from home
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Mobility-Related Implications of COVID-19 for Receiving Countries
  • Introduction
  • Labor disruptions in receiving countries
  • Implications of COVID-19 for long-term migrant integration
  • Openness toward migration, before and after COVID-19
  • Notes
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Policy Directions
  • From findings to policy directions
  • Proposed policy actions
  • Closing remarks
  • Notes
  • References
  • Boxes
  • Box 1.1 Issues with COVID-19-related data
  • Box 1.2 Data limitations in measuring migration flows during the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Box 2.1 The "healthy immigrant" paradox
  • Box 2.2 Refugees' access to health care in Turkey
  • Box 2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on refugees in Turkey
  • Box 2.4 Costs of sending remittances in the extended ­Mediterranean region
  • Box 3.1 The agriculture industry in Italy
  • Box 3.2 COVID-19, automation, and migration
  • Box 4.1 The EU Digital COVID Certificate, or Green Pass
  • Box 4.2 Multilateral public health efforts in Africa.
  • Box 4.3 Interventions introduced during the pandemic to simplify hiring procedures for essential workers
  • Box 4.4 Measures to expand migrants' access to health care and social welfare during the COVID-19 crisis
  • Box 4.5 Employment retention and promotion policies open to migrants during the COVID-19 crisis
  • Box 4.6 Digital tools to support migrants' reintegration
  • Box 4.7 Can diaspora engagements be strengthened in the aftermath of the pandemic?
  • Box 4.8 The EU's New Pact on Migration and Asylum
  • Box 4.9 The Western Balkan Regulation
  • Box 4.10 The German "Triple Win" program
  • Box 4.11 Improving the accuracy of migration coverage in North and West Africa
  • Figures
  • Figure O.1 Share of Mediterranean and GCC countries and economies with mobility restrictions, by type, 2020-21
  • Figure O.2 Land and sea arrivals of migrants at the EU's main points of entry and in selected Mediterranean countries, 2019-21
  • Figure O.3 Changes in migrant smuggling from West and North Africa since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Figure O.4 Share of European countries with labor shortages, by occupation, and share of foreign workers in those occupations, 2018-19
  • Figure O.5 Share of people with unmet health needs in selected Mediterranean countries, by place of birth, 2016
  • Figure O.6 Change in employment rate between 2019 and 2020 in selected Mediterranean countries, by quarter and place of birth
  • Figure O.7 Food insecurity among refugee households in Turkey, before the pandemic
  • Figure O.8 ICT availability at home for 15-year-old students in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018
  • Figure O.9 Proposed policy objectives and actions
  • Figure 1.1 Share of world's population, emigrants, and immigrants, by region, 2020.
  • Figure 1.2 Top five migrant sending and receiving economies in the extended Mediterranean region, in relative and absolute terms, 2020
  • Figure 1.3 Shares of intraregional Mediterranean and GCC migration, by corridor, 2020
  • Figure 1.4 Top 20 migrant corridors in the combined Mediterranean and GCC region, 2020
  • Figure 1.5 Mediterranean corridors with the highest shares of low-skilled migrants, 2010
  • Figure 1.6 Mediterranean corridors with the highest shares of high-skilled migrants, 2010
  • Figure 1.7 Top 20 refugee corridors in the Mediterranean and GCC region, 2020
  • Figure B1.1.1 COVID-19 tests per million people per day, by extended Mediterranean subregion, February 2020 to October 2021
  • Figure B1.1.2 Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases in relation to daily tests, extended Mediterranean versus non-extended Mediterranean regions, January 2020 to October 2021
  • Figure 1.8 Share of Mediterranean and GCC countries and economies with mobility restrictions, by type, 2020-21
  • Figure 1.9 Flights in the Mediterranean region, by subregion, October 2019 to October 2021
  • Figure 1.10 First-instance asylum applications in selected European Mediterranean countries, 2019 to 2021
  • Figure 1.11 Land and sea arrivals at the EU's main points of entry and in selected Mediterranean countries, 2019 to 2021
  • Figure B1.2.1 Destinations of emigrants from Senegal, by data source
  • Figure B1.2.2 Destinations of emigrants from Nigeria, by data source
  • Figure 1.12 Changes in migrant stocks from selected African countries to selected destination countries, April 2020 to January 2021
  • Figure 2.1 Illegal border crossings to Europe, by route, January 2019 to August 2021
  • Figure 2.2 Changes in smuggling of migrants from West and North Africa since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as of July 2020.
  • Figure 2.3 Excess mortality in France, by place of origin, March to April 2020
  • Figure 2.4 Share of population in overcrowded housing, by origin status, in selected northern Mediterranean countries
  • Figure 2.5 Share of population in jobs that cannot be performed at home, by place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries, 2018
  • Figure 2.6 Share of population with unmet health needs, by place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries, 2016
  • Figure B2.2.1 Syrian refugees' access to health care in Turkey, before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
  • Figure 2.7 Inclusion of migrants in COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in countries in selected regions, as of May 2021
  • Figure 2.8 Difference in employment rate between 2019 and 2020, by quarter and place of origin, in selected northern Mediterranean countries
  • Figure 2.9 Share of the employed population who can work from home, by place of origin, in selected Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean countries, 2020
  • Figure B2.3.1 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Syrian-run and native-run businesses in Turkey, May 2020
  • Figure B2.3.2 Food insecurity among refugee households in Turkey
  • Figure 2.10 Relative poverty rates of selected EU Mediterranean countries, by population origin category, 2016
  • Figure 2.11 Remittances as a share of GDP in selected regions, by country or economy, 2020
  • Figure 2.12 Share of people able to work from home in Morocco and the Arab Republic of Egypt, by income quartile, 2020 to 2021
  • Figure B2.4.1 Corridors with the highest and lowest remittance transmission costs in the Mediterranean and GCC region, third quarter of 2020
  • Figure 2.13 Change in remittances to selected southern Mediterranean countries and economies, 2019-20.
  • Figure 3.1 Share of foreigners in key occupations, by place of birth, in selected northern Mediterranean EU countries, 2018
  • Figure 3.2 Share of European countries with labor shortages, by occupation, and share of foreigners in those occupations, 2018 to 2019
  • Figure B3.1.1 Top providers of agricultural workers to Italy, by country of origin, 2017
  • Figure B3.1.2 Percentage change in migrant agricultural workers in Italy, by country of origin, 2008 to 2017
  • Figure 3.3 Share of 15-year-old students whose mother tongue differs from the language of instruction at school in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018
  • Figure 3.4 Share of 15-year-old students who are socioeconomically disadvantaged in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018
  • Figure 3.5 ICT availability at home for 15-year-old students in selected Mediterranean countries, 2018
  • Figure 3.7 Public opinion toward immigration in EU Mediterranean countries, by type of immigrant, 2002 to 2018
  • Figure 3.6 Correlation between share of telework jobs among natives and share of immigrants across NUTS2 regions of EU countries, 2018
  • Figure 4.1 Proposed policy objectives and actions
  • Maps
  • Map 1.1 The extended Mediterranean region
  • Map 1.2 Cumulative COVID-19 cases per capita, by country, January 2020 to December 2021
  • Tables
  • Table 2.1 Health care coverage of foreign workers in selected ­northern Mediterranean EU countries, 2020
  • Table 2.2 Health care coverage of foreign workers in selected southern Mediterranean and GCC countries, 2019
  • Table 2.3 Unemployment insurance coverage of foreign workers in selected northern ­Mediterranean EU countries, 2020.

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