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The Long Shadow of Informality : Challenges and Policies.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Ohnsorge, Franziska.
Other Authors: Yu, Shu.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications, 2022.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Economic development.
Informal sector (Economics).
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • Half Title
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Summary of Contents
  • Table of Contents
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgments
  • Authors
  • Executive Summary
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 1 Overview
  • Motivation
  • Key findings and policy messages
  • Synopsis
  • Future research directions
  • References
  • PART I: Characteristics of the Informal Economy
  • Chapter 2 Understanding the Informal Economy: Concepts and Trends
  • Introduction
  • Definition of informality
  • Database of informality measures
  • Size and evolution of the informal economy
  • Consistency among the various measures of informality
  • Cyclical features of the informal economy
  • Conclusion
  • Annex 2A: Estimation methodologies
  • Annex 2B: Tables
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Growing Apart or Moving Together? Synchronization of Informal- and Formal-Economy Business Cycles
  • Introduction
  • Literature review: Linkages between formal and informal sectors
  • Data and methodology
  • Synchronization of formal and informal business cycles
  • Causal linkages between formal- and informal-economy business cycles
  • Explaining the cyclicality of the informal sector
  • Conclusion
  • Annex 3A: Theory behind the cyclicality of the DGE-based estimates
  • Annex 3B: Model specifications for measuring co-movement among informality measures
  • Annex 3C: Causal linkages between formal- and informal-economy business cycles
  • Annex 3D: Calibrating DGE estimates using survey-based self-employment data
  • References
  • PART II: Country and Regional Dimensions
  • Chapter 4 Lagging Behind: Informality and Development
  • Introduction
  • Links between informality and development challenges
  • Informality and economic correlates
  • Informality and institutions
  • Informality and SDGs related to human development
  • Informality and SDGs related to infrastructure.
  • Finding the needle in the haystack: The most robust correlates
  • Conclusion
  • Annex 4A: Meta-regression analysis
  • Annex 4B: Regression analysis
  • Annex 4C: Bayesian model averaging approach
  • Annex 4D: Tables
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Informality in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Regional Dimensions
  • Introduction
  • Informality in EMDEs
  • East Asia and Pacific
  • Europe and Central Asia
  • Latin America and the Caribbean
  • Middle East and North Africa
  • South Asia
  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • PART III: Policies
  • Chapter 6 Tackling Informality: Policy Options
  • Introduction
  • Data and methodology
  • Fiscal measures
  • Other policies
  • Conclusion
  • Annex 6A: Policies and informality
  • Annex 6B: Tables
  • References
  • Boxes
  • 2.1 How does informality aggravate the impact of COVID-19?
  • 4.1 Informality and wage inequality
  • 4.2 Casting a shadow: Productivity in formal and informal firms
  • 4.3 Informality, poverty, and income inequality
  • 6.1 Financial development and the informal economy
  • Figures
  • 1.1 Informality: Main features
  • 1.2 Informality: Extent and evolution
  • 1.3 Formal- and informal-economy business cycles in EMDEs
  • 1.4 Development challenges and informality
  • 1.5 Informality in EMDE regions
  • 1.6 Policies to address challenges of informality
  • 2.1 Informality: Magnitude, variety, and development challenges
  • B2.1.1 Informality in EMDEs
  • B2.1.2 Features of the informal sector
  • B2.1.3 Development challenges
  • 2.2 Informality and development
  • 2.3 Informality in EMDE regions
  • 2.4 Evolution of informality in advanced economies and EMDEs, 1990-2018
  • 2.5 Downward trends in informality, 1990-2018
  • 2.6 Consistency among various informality measures
  • 2.7 Volatility of formal and informal economies, 1990-2018.
  • 2.8 Cyclical features of formal and informal business cycles
  • 2.9 Employment changes during formal and informal business cycles
  • 3.1 Formal- and informal-economy business cycles
  • 3.2 Correlations of informal output with formal output
  • 3.3 Co-movement between formal and informal business cycles
  • 3.4 Coincidence of formal and informal business cycles
  • 3.5 Probability of a recession
  • 3.6 Impact of formal output fluctuations on the informal sector
  • 3C.1 Impact of formal output fluctuations on the informal sector: Alternative instrumental variables
  • 3C.2 Impact of formal output fluctuations on the informal sector: Additional robustness checks
  • 3C.3 Correlations of informal output with formal output: Shares of informal output and employment
  • 3C.4 Impact of formal output fluctuations on shares of output and employment in the informal sector
  • 4.1 Development challenges and informality
  • B4.1.1 EMDEs: Estimates of informal-formal wage gaps
  • 4.2 Features of informal firms and workers
  • B4.2.1 Labor productivity in informal firms
  • B4.2.2 Formal firms facing informal competition
  • B4.2.3 Labor productivity differential of formal firms with and without informal competition
  • 4.3 Access to finance and public services
  • 4.4 Access to social benefits
  • B4.3.1 Informality and poverty and income inequality
  • 4.5 Informality and economic correlates
  • 4.6 Informality, fiscal indicators, and institutional quality
  • 4.7 Informality and SDGs related to human development
  • 4.8 Informality and SDGs related to infrastructure
  • 4.9 Results from Bayesian model averaging approach
  • 5.1 Evolution of informality in advanced economies and EMDEs
  • 5.2 Informality in EMDE regions
  • 5.3 Correlates of informality in EMDE regions
  • 5.4 Informality in East Asia and Pacific
  • 5.5 Correlates of informality in East Asia and Pacific.
  • 5.6 Informality in Europe and Central Asia
  • 5.7 Correlates of informality in Europe and Central Asia
  • 5.8 Informality in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • 5.9 Correlates of informality in Latin America and the Caribbean
  • 5.10 Informality in the Middle East and North Africa
  • 5.11 Correlates of informality in the Middle East and North Africa
  • 5.12 Informality in South Asia
  • 5.13 Correlates of informality in South Asia
  • 5.14 Informality in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 5.15 Correlates of informality in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 5.16 Informality indicators and entrepreneurial conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • 6.1 Policies to address challenges of informality in EMDEs
  • B6.1.1 Financial development and informality in EMDEs
  • B6.1.2 Evolution of financial development in EMDEs
  • B6.1.3 Evolution of output informality following financial development in EMDEs
  • 6.2 Tax rates and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.3 Firms' tax compliance burdens and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.4 Tax morale and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.5 Government services in EMDEs, 2000-18
  • 6.6 Informality after improvements in government services
  • 6.7 Labor market reforms and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.8 Informality after labor market reforms in EMDEs
  • 6.9 Firm start-up cost and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.10 Governance and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.11 Education and informality in EMDEs
  • 6.12 Access to finance and informality in EMDEs
  • 6A.1 Robustness checks: Evolution of informal output levels following financial development in EMDEs
  • Tables
  • 2B.1A Summary statistics
  • 2B.1B Summary statistics by country groupings
  • 2B.2 Spearman rank correlations (across countries within individual years)
  • 2B.3 Coincidence of signs of first-differences
  • 2B.4 Volatility of formal and informal economies
  • 2B.5A Cyclical features of recessions in formal and informal economies.
  • 2B.5B Cyclical features of recoveries in formal and informal economies
  • 2B.6A Informal employment during formal and informal business cycles
  • 2B.6B Formal and total employment during formal business cycles
  • 2B.7 Summary of data coverage
  • 2B.8 MIMIC model estimation results, 1993-2018
  • 2B.9 World Values Survey
  • 3C.1 IV-2SLS regression: Baseline results
  • 4D.1 Data: Meta-regression analysis
  • 4D.2 Regression: Meta-regression analysis
  • 4D.3 Labor productivity differential between types of firms
  • 4D.4 Regression: Labor productivity of formal and informal firms
  • 4D.5 Regression: Labor productivity of formal firms facing informal competition
  • 4D.6 Regression: Informality, poverty, and income inequality
  • 4D.7 Regression: Changes in informality and poverty reduction
  • 4D.8 Regression: Changes in informality and improvement in income inequality
  • 4D.9 Data: Bayesian model averaging approach
  • 4D.10 PIP and posterior means (output informality)
  • 4D.11 PIP and posterior means (employment informality)
  • 4D.12 Correlates of employment informality in EMDEs
  • 4D.13 Correlates of informality in EMDEs: MIMIC-based informal activity and WEF index
  • 4D.14 Regression: Developmental challenges and DGE-based output informality in EMDEs
  • 4D.15 Regression: Developmental challenges and self-employment in EMDEs
  • 6B.1 A summary of empirical studies on financial development and informality
  • 6B.2 Data sources of variables used in annex 6A
  • 6B.3 Policy indicators and employment informality
  • 6B.4 Regression results from local-projection models: DGE-based informal output in percent of GDP
  • 6B.5 Regression results from local-projection models: Self-employment in percent of total employment
  • 6B.6 Robustness checks: OLS and quantile regressions between policy measures and DGE-based output informality.
  • 6B.7 Robustness checks: OLS and quantile regressions between policy measures and employment informality.

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