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Employment in Crisis : The Path to Better Jobs in a Post-COVID-19 Latin America.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Silva, Joana.
Other Authors: Sousa, Liliana., Packard, Truman., Robertson, Raymond.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Fort Worth : World Bank Publications, 2021.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Contents
  • Foreword
  • About the Authors
  • Acknowledgments
  • Executive Summary
  • Abbreviations
  • 1 Overview
  • Rationale for this report
  • Road map
  • Key insights
  • Three dimensions of the policy response
  • Implications for the COVID-19 crisis
  • Notes
  • References
  • Annex 1A: Background papers written for this report
  • 2 The Dynamics of Labor Market Adjustment
  • Introduction
  • Labor market flows: Unemployment versus informality
  • Job destruction and job creation in times of crisis
  • A changing employment structure and the disappearance of good jobs
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
  • Annex 2A: Additional analysis of employment transitions
  • 3 The Impact on Workers, Firms, and Places
  • Introduction
  • Workers: A bigger toll on the unskilled
  • Firms: The cost of limited market competition
  • Places: The role of local opportunities and informality
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
  • 4 Toward an Integrated Policy Response
  • Introduction
  • Three key policy dimensions
  • Aggregate: Stronger macroeconomic stabilizers
  • Social protection and labor systems: Cushioning the impact on workers and preparing for change
  • Structural: Greater competition and place-based policies
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
  • Boxes
  • Box 4.1 Family allowances as de facto unemployment insurance
  • Box 4.2 Brazil's social protection response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic
  • Box 4.3 Latin America and the Caribbean's social protection and labor responses to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) contraction of 2020
  • Box 4.4 Permanent, systemic shocks: Responses to job dislocation caused by structural changes
  • Box 4.5 How well have regional policies performed at strengthening economic opportunities?
  • Box 4.6 Evidence on the effects of place-based policies on mobility and labor market outcomes
  • Figures.
  • Figure 1.1 Persistent employment loss following crises: The myth of economic recovery
  • Figure 1.2 How adjustment works and the policies that can smooth it
  • Figure 1.3 Stabilizers and macroeconomic frameworks: Policy reforms
  • Figure 1.4 Addressing crises' impacts and preparing workers for change: Policy reforms
  • Figure 1.5 Tackling structural issues that worsen the impacts of crises on workers
  • Figure 2.1 Quarterly fluctuations in unemployment and GDP growth, 2005-17
  • Figure 2.2 Quarterly net flows into formal and informal employment, 2005-17
  • Figure 2.3 Part-time work as a margin of adjustment in Argentina, 2005-15
  • Figure 2.4 Quarterly job loss, formal and informal sectors, 2005-17
  • Figure 2.5 Quarterly net job finding rates, formal and informal sectors, 2005-17
  • Figure 2.6 Gross job flows in Brazil and Ecuador, formal sector
  • Figure 2.7 Gross job flows and differential rates in large and small firms in the formal sector
  • Figure 2.8 Net job creation rates in Brazil and Ecuador's formal sectors
  • Figure 2.9 Quarterly share of workers entering unemployment per wage decile, formal and informal sectors, 2005-17
  • Figure 2.10 Impulse response functions, by type of employment, during the 30 months after the beginning of the recession
  • Figure 2.11 Estimates of Okun's Law for countries in the LAC region, 1991-2018
  • Figure 2A.1 Quarterly net flows into part-time work, formal and informal sectors, 2005-17
  • Figure 3.1 Effect on wages of displacement caused by plant closings in Mexico
  • Figure 3.2 Unemployment rates by cohort, Argentina and Colombia
  • Figure 3.3 Employment and wage effects of higher local unemployment at labor market entry in Mexico
  • Figure 3.4 Dynamic effects of the global financial crisis on workers
  • Figure 3.5 Heterogeneity in effects of the global financial crisis across workers.
  • Figure 3.6 Dynamic effects of the global financial crisis on workers by skill
  • Figure 3.7 Dynamic effects of the global financial crisis on firms
  • Figure 3.8 Effects of the global financial crisis on Brazilian workers depending on sectoral concentration and state ownership
  • Figure 3.9 Effects of the global financial crisis on Brazilian workers depending on local labor market informality
  • Figure 4.1 How adjustment works and a triple entry of policies to smooth it
  • Figure 4.2 Wage and unemployment responses during crises in the 2000s versus crises in the 1990s, Brazil and Mexico
  • Figure 4.3 Sensitivity of unemployment and wages to output fluctuations
  • Figure 4.4 Stabilizers and macroeconomic frameworks: Policy reforms
  • Figure 4.5 Effective coverage of unemployment benefits, selected countries, latest available year
  • Figure 4.6 Economic cycle, unemployment, and spending on labor policies and programs
  • Figure 4.7 Level and composition of government spending on social assistance transfer programs, selected LAC countries
  • Figure 4.8 Insufficient support, with many left behind
  • Figure 4.9 Coverage of social registries and support received through social assistance programs during the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic
  • Figure 4.10 Expansion of cash transfer programs in response to crises
  • Figure B4.2.1 Brazil's COVID-19 (coronavirus) social protection and labor response strategy for two major vulnerable groups
  • Figure 4.11 Positive effects of welfare transfers on local formal employment
  • Figure B4.3.1 Stylized social protection and labor policy responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic
  • Figure 4.12 Employment and reemployment policies, by the nature of the shock causing displacement
  • Figure 4.13 Addressing crises' impacts and preparing for change: Policy reforms.
  • Figure 4.14 Employment protection legislation in OECD member countries and selected Latin American countries, 2014 or most recent data
  • Figure 4.15 Regulation of employment in the LAC countries, circa 2019
  • Figure 4.16 Flexibility of labor regulation and spending on human capital and labor programs in selected countries in LAC compared to other regions
  • Figure 4.17 Labor market regulation instruments and the duration of unemployment
  • Figure 4.18 Tackling structural issues that worsen the impacts of crises on workers
  • Map
  • Map 4.1 Unemployment insurance throughout the world
  • Tables
  • Table 1A.1 Background papers written for this report
  • Table 2.1 Cyclical components of GDP growth, the unemployment rate, and net flows out of the labor force
  • Table 2.2 Cyclicality of net flows across sectors and out of employment, 2005-17
  • Table 2.3 Correlation of job loss across sectors
  • Table 2A.1 Cyclicality of employment transitions, by gender and skill level
  • Table 3.1 Presence of negative effects on employment and wage scarring, by gender and education
  • Table 4.1 Landscape of formal unemployment income support in the LAC region.

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