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Sustainable Living with Environmental Risks
This book details practical technologies for coping with environmental risks in Asia and Africa. It offers solutions to maintain harmony between economic development and environmental preservation.
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Congratulatory Salutation -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability, Scientific Advancement, and Leadership Development -- 1.1 Introduction: Environmental Risks and Their Implications for Future Sustainability -- 1.2 Environmental Risks, Their Characteristics, and Sustainability Implications -- 1.3 Developing Expertise and Skills for Future Environmental Leaders -- 1.4 Leadership Programme in Sustainable Living with Environmental Risk -- 1.4.1 Interactive Multimedia Education System (iMES) (Arisawa and Sato in This Book) -- 1.4.2 Intensive Course -- 1.4.3 Madagascar Joint Field Study -- 1.4.4 Credit Exchange Agreement with UNU -- 1.4.5 Other Elective Courses and Supporting Programs -- 1.5 Achievements and Future Challenges -- 1.5.1 Curriculum Development -- 1.5.2 Institutional Set-up -- 1.5.3 Institutionalizing Collaborative Educational Activities -- 1.5.4 iMES -- 1.5.5 Joint Research -- References -- Part I: Sustainable Primary Productionfor Human Well-Being -- Chapter 2: Biodiversity Agriculture Supports Human Populations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Green Revolution and Organic Farming -- 2.3 Biodiversity, Ecological Functioning, and Ecosystem Services -- 2.4 Soil Sustainability -- 2.5 Soil Biodiversity and Its Functioning -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Conservation and Sustainable Management of Soil Biodiversity for Agricultural Productivity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil Biodiversity and Its Importance to Agriculture -- 3.3 Loss of Soil Biodiversity -- 3.4 Management and Conservation of Soil Biodiversity: A Case Study in Kenya -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Conservation Tillage Assessment for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission in Rainfed Agro-Ecosystems -- 4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Soil, Carbon Dioxide Emission, and Conservation Tillage -- 4.3 Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emission -- 4.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Emission at the Long-Term Plot -- 4.3.2 Cumulative CO 2 Emission at the Long-Term Plot -- 4.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Emission Assessment in Farmers' Fields -- 4.4 Enhancing Carbon Sequestration -- 4.4.1 Soil Carbon Storage -- 4.4.2 Carbon Sequestration of Corn Crops -- 4.5 Conclusions and Policy Implication -- References -- Chapter 5: Improving Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields to Promote Land Sustainability -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Indonesian Experiences: Effects on Soil and Water Biodiversity of Shifting from Conventional to Organic Farming in Paddy Fields -- 5.2.1 Effects on Water Organisms in Paddy Fields -- 5.2.2 Effects on Soil Microorganisms in Paddy Fields -- 5.3 Strategies to Improve Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields -- 5.3.1 Application of Organic Matter and Biofertilizers -- 5.3.2 Crop Rotation -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Agroforestry Models for Promoting Effective Risk Management and Building Sustainable Communities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Agroforestry Adoption, Innovations, and Smallholder Farmers' Motivations in Claveria, Misamis Oriental -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 6.2.2 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Household Survey -- 6.2.3 Drivers of Land Degradation in Claveria -- 6.2.4 Introduction and Adoption of Tree-Based Systems in Claveria -- 6.2.5 Innovative Agroforestry Practices in Claveria -- 6.2.6 Farmers' Motivations for Planting Trees -- 6.3 Tree Growth, Crop Productivity, and Water and Nutrient Flows in Gmelina arborea - Zea mays Hedgerow Systems in Claveria, Misamis Oriental -- 6.3.1 Water Dynamics in Agroforestry Systems -- 6.3.2 Growth Performance of Trees and Maize.
6.4 Enhancing the Food Security of Upland Farming Households Through Agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines -- 6.4.1 Agroforestry and Improved Access to Food -- 6.4.2 Increasing Food Access Through Augmentation of Income -- 6.5 Predicting the Long-Term Productivity, Economic Feasibility, and Sustainability of the Smallholder Hedgerow Agroforestry System Using the WaNuLCAS Model -- 6.5.1 Bioeconomic Modeling Using WaNuLCAS -- 6.5.1.1 Tree and Crop Database -- 6.5.1.2 WaNuLCAS Parameterization -- 6.5.2 Water Balance -- 6.5.3 Soil Loss -- 6.5.4 Crop Yield and Biomass -- 6.5.5 Private Benefits of the Two Land Use Systems -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Conservation of Forest Resources in Madagascar -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Theoretical Explanation -- 7.3 Case Study -- 7.3.1 Context -- 7.3.2 Poor Governance and Inequality in Income Distribution -- 7.3.3 More Income, Less Logging -- 7.4 Key Issues and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 8: Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management in Thailand: Key Lesson Learned for Environmental Risk Management -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 CBNRM and Sustainability: Theoretical Background -- 8.3 Pred Nai Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Ecosystems, Food Security, and Disaster -- Chapter 9: Necessity of Adaptive Risk Management for Fisheries and Wildlife -- 9.1 Is It Really Good for Fisheries to Reduce the Fish Population by Half? -- 9.2 Comparison Between Conventional Management Methods and Adaptive Management Considering Uncertainty -- 9.3 Do Not Make a Single Prediction (Japanese Deer Protection Management Plan) -- 9.4 Investigation for Only One Year Is Not Enough -- 9.5 Explanation of Formulae -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References.
Chapter 10: Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services, and Food Security in Southeast Asia -- 10.1 Food Security Issues in Southeast Asia -- 10.2 Need for Valuing Non-Marketed Ecosystem Services -- 10.3 Issues of Valuation and Payment for Non-Marketed Ecosystem Services -- 10.3.1 Revealed Preferences (Conventional and Surrogate Markets) -- 10.3.2 Stated Preferences (Hypothetical Preferences) -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Emerging Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conceptual Framework -- 11.3 Study Site -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics -- 11.4.2 Labor Resources -- 11.4.3 Household Financial Status -- 11.4.4 Land-Based Productive Resources -- 11.4.5 Emerging Issues -- 11.4.5.1 Incidence of Household Food Insecurity -- The Path to Food Entitlement -- Difficulties in Meeting Household Expenditures -- Sources of Entitlement, Risks in Farm/Fishery Production, and Seasonal Food Insecurity -- Indicators of Food Insecurity and Seasonality of Incidence -- Coping with Food Insecurity -- 11.4.5.2 Declining Agricultural and Fishery Production -- 11.4.5.3 Environmental Risks Currently Affecting Food Security -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Strengthening the Capacity of Flood-Affected Rural Communities in Padang Terap, State of Kedah, Malaysia -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theoretical Framework -- 12.3 Case Study -- 12.3.1 Study Area -- 12.3.2 Needs Analysis -- 12.3.2.1 Survey -- 12.3.2.2 Focus Group Discussions -- 12.3.3 Capacity Building Activities -- 12.4 Future Research and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 13: Mitigating Coastal Erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Climate -- 13.1.2 Geology -- 13.2 Methodology.
13.2.1 Data Processing -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Impacts and Causes of Coastal Erosion -- 13.4 Solutions -- 13.4.1 Marine Erosion -- 13.4.1.1 Groins -- 13.4.2 Subaerial Erosion -- 13.4.3 Wind Erosion -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Degradation of Environmentand Mitigation -- Chapter 14: Risk Management of Chemical Pollution: Principles from the Japanese Experience -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 How Pollution Loads Were Reduced -- 14.2.1 Air Pollution in Yokkaichi Petrochemical Complex -- 14.2.2 Preventing Water Pollution in the Pulp and Paper Industry -- 14.2.3 Environmental Standards for Toxic Chemical Substances -- 14.2.4 Case of Administrative Guidance Relating to Toxic Chemicals -- 14.3 Conclusion: Lessons from the Japanese Experience -- References -- Chapter 15: Research on the Correlation Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus, and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Subjects of Study -- 15.2.1 Chlorophyll -- 15.2.2 BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand -- 15.2.3 COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand -- 15.2.4 Phosphorus -- 15.2.5 Nitrogen -- 15.3 Research Methodology -- 15.3.1 Determination of Chlorophyll -- 15.3.1.1 Chlorophyll Refining -- 15.3.1.2 Determining the Maximum Absorption of Chl-a -- 15.3.1.3 Building a Chl-a Calibration Curve -- 15.3.2 Determination of BOD 5 -- 15.3.3 Determination of COD -- 15.3.3.1 Building a COD Calibration curve -- 15.3.4 Determination of Phosphate -- 15.4 Results -- 15.4.1 Correlation Between Chl-a and COD -- 15.4.2 Correlation Between Chl-a and BOD -- 15.4.3 Correlation Between Chl-a and Phosphate and Total Nitrogen -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Research Orientation -- Chapter 16: Managing Construction Development Risks to the Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Environmental Risks of Construction -- 16.2.1 Risk of Land Degradation.