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Ranaviruses : Lethal Pathogens of Ectothermic Vertebrates.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Gray, Matthew J.
Other Authors: Chinchar, V. Gregory.
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2015.
Edition:1st ed.
Subjects:
Electronic books.
Online Access:Click to View
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Introduction: History and Future of Ranaviruses
  • References
  • Distribution and Host Range of Ranaviruses
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ranaviruses Infecting Amphibians
  • 2.1 Frog Virus 3
  • 2.2 Ambystoma Tigrinum Virus
  • 2.3 Bohle Iridovirus
  • 2.4 Other Amphibian Ranaviruses
  • 3 Ranaviruses Infecting Fish
  • 3.1 Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus
  • 3.2 European Catfish Virus
  • 3.3 Santee-Cooper Ranavirus
  • 3.4 Frog Virus 3
  • 3.5 Bohle Iridovirus
  • 3.6 Taxonomically Unassigned Ranaviruses That Affect Fish
  • 4 Ranaviruses Infecting Reptiles
  • 4.1 History of Reptile Cases
  • 4.2 Outbreaks in Chelonians
  • 4.3 Outbreaks in Squamates
  • 5 Interclass Transmission of Ranaviruses
  • 6 Summary and Conclusions
  • References
  • Ranavirus Taxonomy and Phylogeny
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ranavirus Taxonomy
  • 3 The Future of Ranavirus Taxonomy: Where Do We Go from Here?
  • 4 Final Thoughts
  • References
  • Ranavirus Ecology and Evolution: From Epidemiology to Extinction
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Epidemiology of Ranaviruses
  • 2.1 Ranavirus Epidemiology in Amphibians
  • 2.2 Ranavirus Epidemiology in Fishes
  • 2.3 Ranavirus Epidemiology in Reptiles
  • 2.4 Summary of Ranavirus Epidemiology
  • 3 Explanations for the Apparent Seasonality of Ranavirus Epidemics
  • 3.1 Detection Biases
  • 3.2 Seasonal Introductions and Incidence of Ranavirus Infection
  • 3.3 Susceptibility Throughout Development
  • 3.4 Temperature and Susceptibility
  • 4 Susceptibility in the Face of Other Natural and Anthropogenic Stressors
  • 4.1 Predators and Other Natural Stressors
  • 4.2 Anthropogenic Stressors
  • 5 Ranavirus Transmission Within a Species
  • 6 Ranavirus Transmission Between Species
  • 7 Susceptibility to Ranaviruses Among Species
  • 8 Persistence of Ranaviruses in the Environment and Carriers.
  • 9 Selection and Coevolution of Ranaviruses and Their Hosts
  • 10 The Evolution of Virulence in Ranaviruses
  • 11 The Risk of Extinction from Ranaviruses
  • References
  • Ranavirus Replication: Molecular, Cellular, and Immunological Events
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ranavirus Taxonomy and Genomes
  • 3 Ranavirus Replication Strategy
  • 3.1 Viral Entry
  • 3.2 Nuclear Events
  • 3.3 Cytoplasmic Events
  • 3.4 Virus Assembly
  • 4 Impact of Virus Infection on the Host Cell
  • 4.1 Cell Death: Necrosis, Apoptosis, and Parapoptosis
  • 4.2 Host Shut-Off and the Selective Expression of Viral Gene Products
  • 5 Interplay Between Host and Virus Determines the Outcome of Infection at the Organismal Level
  • 6 Antiviral Immunity
  • 7 Determination of Viral Gene Function
  • 7.1 Biochemical and Genetic Approaches
  • 7.2 Knock Down Strategies: Antisense Morpholino Oligonucleotides and RNA Interference
  • 7.3 Knock Out Mutants
  • 7.4 Conditionally Lethal Mutants
  • 7.5 Ectopic Expression of Recombinant Viral Proteins
  • 8 Final Thoughts
  • References
  • Ranavirus Host Immunity and Immune Evasion
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Innate Immune Responses to Ranavirus Infections
  • 2.1 Antimicrobial Peptide Responses to Ranaviral Infection
  • 2.2 Innate and Inflammatory Immune Responses
  • 2.2.1 Anuran Amphibians
  • 2.2.2 Urodel Amphibians
  • 2.2.3 Teleost Fish
  • 2.3 Determinants of Ranavirus-Induced Pathogenicity and Mortality
  • 3 The Complex Roles of Macrophage-Lineage Cells in Ranaviral Disease
  • 3.1 Inferences from Rodent Models of FV3 Infection
  • 3.2 Amphibian Vectors of Ranaviral Dissemination and Persistence
  • 3.3 Macrophage Reservoirs and Ranavirus Reactivation
  • 3.4 Ranavirus Infections Among Other Poikilothermic Macrophages
  • 4 Antiviral Immune Responses to Ranavirus Infections
  • 4.1 Antiviral Interferons of Ectothermic Vertebrates.
  • 4.2 Interferon Response to Ranavirus Infection
  • 5 Adaptive Immune Responses to Ranavirus Infections
  • 5.1 Antibody Responses to Ranavirus Infection
  • 5.2 T Cell Responses and Immunological Memory Against Ranavirus Infections
  • 5.3 Roles of Nonclassical MHC-Restricted Cells in Ranavirus Immunity
  • 6 Ranaviral Strategies for Evading Host Antiviral Immunity
  • 6.1 vIF-2α Blocks Phosphorylation of eIF-2α
  • 6.2 RNAse III-Like Proteins
  • 6.3 β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and vCARD
  • 6.4 vTNFR, dUTPase, DMTase
  • 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
  • References
  • Comparative Pathology of Ranaviruses and Diagnostic Techniques
  • 1 Ranaviral Disease
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Ranaviral Disease Pathology
  • 1.2.1 Field and Clinical Findings
  • 1.2.2 Gross Pathology
  • Amphibians
  • Fish
  • Reptiles
  • 1.2.3 Histopathology
  • 1.2.4 Subclinical Infection
  • 2 Diagnostic Testing
  • 2.1 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Standards
  • 2.2 Matching Diagnostic Tests with Study Goal
  • 2.3 Diagnostic Tests
  • 2.3.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Conventional PCR
  • Quantitative Real-Time PCR
  • Differentiation of Ranavirus Species and Strains
  • 2.3.2 Antigen-Capture ELISA
  • 2.3.3 Virus Isolation
  • 2.3.4 Detecting Antibodies: Serology
  • 2.3.5 Testing in Animals: Bioassay
  • 2.3.6 Examining the Tissues
  • Histopathology and Cytology
  • Tests for Visualizing the Virus
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • In Situ Hybridization
  • Electron Microscopy
  • 2.4 Test Validation and Efficiency
  • 2.4.1 Gold Standards and Limitations of Diagnostic Tests
  • 3 Treatment and Vaccine Development
  • 4 Summary Section with Final Recommendations
  • References
  • Design and Analysis of Ranavirus Studies: Surveillance and Assessing Risk
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Ranavirus Surveillance
  • 2.1 Interpreting Infection Data
  • 2.2 Planning Surveillance
  • 3 Study Design.
  • 4 Required Sample Size
  • 5 Data Analysis
  • 5.1 Confidence Intervals
  • 5.2 Comparing Proportions
  • 5.3 Viral Titers
  • 5.4 Analysis of Survival Data
  • 5.5 Mark-Recapture Studies
  • 6 Use of Dynamic Models
  • 6.1 SI/SIR Models: Transmission
  • 6.2 Individual-Based Models/Pattern-Oriented Modeling
  • 6.3 Population Matrix Models
  • 6.4 Modeling Disease Intervention Strategies
  • 6.5 Model Parameterization and "Evaludation"
  • 7 Risk Analysis for Introduction of Ranavirus into an Uninfected Area
  • 7.1 Defining the Hazard
  • 7.2 Risk Assessment
  • 7.2.1 Routes of Introduction
  • 7.2.2 Consequence Assessment
  • 7.2.3 Risk Estimation
  • 7.3 Risk Management and Communication
  • Appendix 1
  • Appendix 2
  • References
  • Index.

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